RESUMO
Although experts and historians hardly share the same opinion over the first signs of Hisbat [Hisbat] in the history of Islam, by looking at the history of Islam, the creation of Hisbat system can be sought in Madinat-AI-Nabi in the Prophet era. And whereas the Hisbat system, in this period of time, was not popular and organized like what was shaped in the Abbasid era, it established a structured system of monitoring urban and public affairs in the Islamic civilization. The principle of "enjoining the good and forbidding the evil" forms the foundation of Hisbat which can be searched in Quranic verses. Besides the Quran, Hadiths in the Islamic society are also the important source of Hisbat. Muslim lawyers and jurists, regardless of different sects they belong to, have emphasized that in a Muslim community it is obligatory to follow Hisbat and the principle of "enjoining the good and forbidding the evil". Hisbat, as a duty as well as a religious and moral/ethical job, attracted the Prophet Mohammad [pbuh], Caliphates and Muslim rulers and with the advancement of Islamic societies, it became more structured and organized. It is based on the command "to do well and prevent evil deeds" which is expected to be applied in the Muslim community and Dhimmitude under Islamic governing on bail. This has led to the development of people's life under the auspice of Hisbat's principles. Treatment, along with public health, was one of the issues observed and followed under the supervision of Hisbat and the principle of "enjoining the good and forbidding the evil" since the era of the Prophet Mohammad[pbuh]. This prophetic tradition was institutionalized in the Islamic civilization and as a religious and social affair has organized and implemented Islamic justice and fair supervision in this field of civil affairs of the Islamic world. This article studies how the Prophet monitors social and economic matters in general, and public health and hygienic affairs in particular. Quality Hisbat system as a regulatory body in Baqdad and Cairo, the two important capital cities of Islamic civilization, is also investigated
RESUMO
The spinocerebellar ataxias [SCA] comprise a heterogeneous group of severe late-onset neurodegenerative diseases promoted by the expansion of a tandem-arrayed DNA sequence that modify the primary structure of the protein. SCA is a genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a disease in its own right, and cannot be differentiated rapidly from each other on a clinical basis. As with other forms of ataxia, SCA results in unsteady and clumsy motion of the body due to a failure of the fine coordination of muscle movements, along with other symptoms. A variety of deadly diseases are attributable to a large number of accumulated mutations in mitochondria. Percentage levels of mutant mtDNA in blood have been reported in some patients with neurological disease, usually in association with much higher levels of mutant mtDNA in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] defects may present with cerebellar ataxia. MtDNA rearrangements are usually sporadic and may cause ataxia. MtDNA point mutations may be responsible for the ataxia seen in some SCA mutation negative families. Point mutations such as those affecting tRNALeuUUR are particularly common in human mitochondrial diseases. Genomic DNA of 20 patients with clinical symptoms of SCAs was purified from peripheral blood and screened for deletions in mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]. Genetic analysis Segments of the genes SCA1, SCA2, MJD [SCA3], CACNA1A [SCA6], and SCA7 harboring the CAG-repeat region were amplified in five separate reactions for molecular diagnosis for each patient. Also the sequencing of tRNA[Leu[UUR]], tRNA[Lys], ATPase 6, ATPase8,COII, COIII, ND1, 16srRNA of mtDNA was performed in patients with genetically affected SCA to find out if they harbor any mutation in these regions or not