[ effect of shoulder resistance training on isometric strength of the neck extensor muscles]

Neck pain is an important public health care problem in modern societies, and proper and effective training programs are required for its prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of shoulder-abduction resistance trainings on isometric strength of the neck extensor muscles. In this study, a total of 28 healthy women [20-25 years of age], were randomly divided into two groups of shoulder-abduction resistance exercises [n=14] and control [n=14], who performed active range of motion exercises [AROM]. Both groups performed exercises 3 days/week for 10 weeks. In both groups, isometric strength of neck muscles was measured before and after the intervention period using an isometric neck muscle strength measurement device. Data were analyzed by independent and paired t-tests. The strength of the neck extensor muscles in the case group was 72.69 +/- 15.82, which was significantly higher in comparison with the control group, 52.68 +/- 14.20 [p<0.001]. The results of this study showed that shoulder-abduction resistance exercises are effective in increasing isometric strength of the neck extensor muscles

Effect of breathing exercises on breathing pattern of pregnant women

Purpose: Physiological changes during pregnancy impose numerous changes on the respiratory system that can affect the health of both mother and fetus. Regarding the importance of the normal breathing in the health of mother and fetus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of breathing exercise on breathing pattern of pregnant women

Methods: The study population was pregnant women with gestational age of 28 weeks. The sample comprised 52 pregnant women aged 18 to 35 years. The subjects were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group performed specific breathing exercises 3 times a day, each time 15-20 minutes for 10 weeks. In this period, the control group did not receive any training program. Pressure of End Tidal Carbon Dioxide [PETCO2] was measured using capnography device before and after this period in both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine normal distribution of the data. In order to study the changes within each group, paired t-test was used and for comparing the groups, Independent t-test was used. P <0.05 was considered as the significant level

Results: Comparison of PETCO2 of two groups before performing breathing exercises showed that mean PETCO2 in the intervention group was 1.08 mmHg less than the control group.This difference was not significant [P= 0.308]. However, after performing breathing exercises, mean PETCO2 in the intervention group was 2.34 mmHg higher than the control group, which showed a significant difference [P= 0.011]

Conclusion: According to these results, performing breathing exercises increases the amount of PETCO2 and pushes it toward the normal range in pregnant women. Therefore, these exercises can help modify breathing patterns in pregnant women, and has a significant role in fetal and maternal health