Parents' Knowledge about Enterobiasis Might Be One of the Most Important Risk Factors for Enterobiasis in Children

To know the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and what are the most important risk factors, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors of enterobiasis among children attended in kindergartens in Busan metropolitan city, Republic of Korea. A total of 1,674 children from 21 kindergartens in 11 of 16 autonomous districts of Busan were evaluated for E. vermicularis infection by the cellotape anal swab technique. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 10.7% (179/1,674), and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 32.4%. There was an increasing tendency of the egg positive rate according to the population density; the higher the population density communities had, the higher egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was detected (P = 0.001). Among personal hygiene factors involving children, thumb-sucking (P = 0.036) and fingernail-trimming (P = 0.024) were highly associated with enterobiasis. In addition, taking anthelmintic medications against E. vermicularis infection was strongly associated with enterobiasis (P = 0.014). Moreover, parents' knowledge of enterobiasis was correlated significantly with the incidence of enterobiasis of their children (P = 0.006). In conclusion, we need to consider not only personal hygiene but also parents' knowledge about enterobiasis as a factor in order to develop new strategies for elimination or to complete reduction of enterobiasis in Korea.

Comparison of the Effects of Steroid Eye Drops with Topical Nosteroid Antiinflammatory Drugs on Corneal Astigmatic Change Following Small Incision Cataract Surgery

Steroid eye drop has a poterntial risk of ocular hypertension, secondary infection, corneal astigmatic change due to delayed wound healing and recent small incision cataract surgery has a minimal risk of ocular inflammation, so we compared the steroid eye drop with NSAID (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug) eye drop in corneal astigmatic change and ocular inflammation. We performed small incision cataract surgery with phacoemulsification, foldable IOL, one horizontal suture at cornescleral wound in 79 eyes(Fluouometholon 0.1%(r) : 55eyes, Profenal 1%(r) : 24eyes) and used each eye drop and followed the change of corneal astigamitism at postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 3 week, 2 month, 5 month. In Fluorometholon 0.1%(r) group, Corneal astigmatic change showed +0.32 diopter at 1 day, -0.03 diopter at 1 week, -0.11 diopter at 3 week, +0.40 diopter at 2 month, -0.37 diopter at 5 month. In Profenal 1%(r) group, the astigmatic change showed +0.06 diopter, +0.07 diopter, -0.26 diopter, -0.12 diopter, -0.11 diopter at each follow up, which is smaller than that of Fluorometholon 0.1%(r) group. No serious complication was revealed in both groups. The present developed cataract surgery has a tendency of smaller incision, short operation time, minimal postoperative inflammation and steroid eye drop which is used for the prevention of postoperative inflammation has a potential risk of various complication, so NSAID eye drop which showed earlier astigmatic stabilization can safely replace or used together with the steroid eye drop.

The Effects of Flumazenil after Midazolam Sedation during Spinal Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

The effects of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist were evaluated in a clinical study in which midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) was used as a sedative agent during the spinal anesthesia. Sixty patient were divided into two groups as group F (n=30) and group S (n=30). Flumazenil 0.3 mg (3 mL) in group F and saline 3 mL in group S were administered at the end of surgery. Blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were checked just before and at, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after the administration of flumazenil or saline. Also we evaluated the level of conciousness and orientation in time and space. The results were as follows; 1) Changes in blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate were not different between two groups, exeept SaO2 was which increased significantly in the flumazenil group. 2) The flumazenil group revealed improved level of consciousness and orientation in time and space which began 5 minutes after flumazenil and was maintained 30 minutes thereafter. 3) We could not observe the any side effects of flumazenil.

A study of physical growth in infants with delayed development or with risk factors for celebral palsy

No abstract available.

Early Neonatal Mortality Rate; Neonatal Factors

In 8218 newborns who were born in Ewha Womans University Hospital during the period from January, 1974 to December, 1978, the authors investigated the mortality rate within 7 days after birth and studied the factors associated with it. The results are as follows; 1. The early neonatal mortality rate was, in average, 15.5 among 1000 live newborns. 2. The mortality rate was 1.5 times greater in males than in females. 3. According to the birth weight, marked increase of mortality rate was found in those under 2500 gm and all under 1000 gm were expired during the first week of life. 4. The gestational age under 37 weeks was associated with higher mortality rate and all under 27 weeks were expired. 5. The lower the both birth weight and gestational age were, the higher the mortality rate was. The lower gestational age in the same birth weight group or the lower birth weight in the same gestational age group was associated with higher mortality rate. The mortality rate was also higher in those with lower Apgar score. 6. 69.8% of neonatal death occurred within 24 hours after birth and the rate decreased during the succeeding days. 7. The most common cause of death was abnormal pulmonary ventilation (30.1%), which was followed by congenital anomalies, prematurity, birth trauma and infection in the order of frequency. 10 of 11 autopsied cases were found to have anomalies or diseases of the lung.

Clinical Study of Intussusception in Childhood (1967.1~1977.8.)

An analysis presented 86 cases of intussuscetion in Korean infants and children, treated at the Department of Pediatrics and the Surgery, Ewha Woman's University Hospital from January 1, 1967 to August, 1977, The following findings were noted. 1) The male outnumbered the females nearly 2.1/1. 2) In our survey, 82.5% of 86 patients were 1year or gounger and the peak incidence was between the 3 rd and 6th month of life (40.8%). 3) Seasonal distribution revealed as the highest in spring.(34.9%). 4) Thirity-seven cases(55.2%) of the intussusception were idipoathic. In 30 cases, a local cause was demonstrated. A wandering cecum was pesonted in 14 patients(20.9%) and proved to be the most common local cause. 5) It is significant that 58 cases(67.4%) of the patients were treated within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. However, seven patients(8.1%) had symptoms for more than 72 hours prior to hospital admission. 6) Vomiting and bloody stool were most common clinical signs(87.2% and 75.6%). Others were colicky abdominal pain (72.1%) and abdominal mass(50.0%). The positive results on the rectal exmination was 91.9 percent. 7) The demonstrable anatomic type of intussusception was ileocecal (38.4%) and proved to be the most common type. In addition to this type, there ileoclic(33.7%), ileocecocolic(11.6%), ileoileocolic(7.0%), ileoileal (5.8%), ileoileocecal(2.2%) in orders. 8) Simple abdomen X-ray on admission showed gaseous distension(45.5%). No specific findings were noted in 8 cases(12.1%) of the patients. 9) Nineteen (22.2%) of the patients underwent barium reduction and remainder were treated by surgical reduction. There were 58 patients(67.4%) who required manual reduction lreduction and 9 cases(10.4%) by intestinal resection for definitive therapy. 10) There were complications in 11.7 percents of the patients. The recurrence was 5 cases(5.8%) and proved to be the common complication. No deaths was encountered in our small series.