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Background: Hypothyroidism was found to be associated with metabolic syndrome, with females being more at risk than males. The potential contributory role of the metabolic syndrome to cardiovascular risk and its scope in subjects with hypothyroidism is the focus of this study.Methods: Forty untreated hypothyroid women and forty normal, healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Fasting blood samples were collected for lipid profile, glucose and insulin level estimation.Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures in hypothyroidism patients were significantly higher than values in controls. Similarly, BMI, waist circumference was higher among hypothyroidism subjects. Again, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher in patients with hypothyroidism in comparison to controls, while HDL- cholesterol, insulin, HOMA-IR were higher among controls. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and its components like dysglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia and obesity. Increased cardiovascular and other risk factor among hypothyroidism patients need to be addressed by further studies.
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Background: Functional status can be conceptualized as an individual’s ability to manage activities related to personal self-care and self-maintenance. Functional status assessment is fundamental aspect of geriatric examination especially in the context of over the counter (OTC) medications. This assessment helps clinicians and policymakers to design and implement interventions that help elderly to live safely and independently. The primary objective was to assess the prevalence of limitation in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) among elderly population. The secondary objective was to identify the use of OTC medications according to the therapeutic indications among them. Methods: A total of 200 community dwelling elderly persons residing in Sushrutanagar of North Bengal were interviewed using valid and reliable functional assessment scales namely Katz ADL and Lawton and Brody IADL. Statistical procedures for the analyses included descriptive ADL and IADL activity limitation was 15 % (30/200) and 85 % (170/200), respectively. Results: The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that advancing age (70 years and above), poor self-rated health and ailments namely musculoskeletal problems, cardiovascular diseases and cataract significantly predict functional limitation. 70% of the subjects consumed analgesics and 60% the antacids as OTC medications. Conclusion: With advancing age, various co-morbidities starts creeping up and the study subjects used the OTC medications to counteract the associated functional limitations as evident from this study. Cataract surgeries patients should be identified and operated upon so as to improve visual functioning and thus their functional ability. Further, factors affecting the use of OTC drugs in elderly subjects need further research.
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Mirror foot, a form of polydactyly, is a rare congenital anomaly. In this form of congenital anomaly, there are several additional digits with accessory tarsal bones. It may be associated with fibular dimelia, tibial aplasia and tibial dysplasia. Cause of such anomaly is not known. On experimental basis it appears to involve ectopic SHH (Sonic hedgehog) signaling in the limb bud mesenchyme.
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Cryptorchidism refers to hidden testicle. It is a clinical condition where one or both testicles have been retained from entering the scrotum during the later part of the foetal period. Along with irreversible damage at both gross and cellular levels there is impairment of endocrine and reproductive functions of the testicles. As the incidence of cryptorchidism is very low and previously reported research and data on comparative findings between cadaveric and cryptorchid testes in the state of Bihar was not available this study was undertaken.