Faunal data and envenomation emergency first aid of cone snails (Conus spp.) in Qeshm Island, the Persian Gulf

Objective To investigate the fauna of a highly venomous marine species group, the cone snails (Family Conidae), in the shores of Qeshm Island, of evaluating the possibility of envenomation in the area and summarize recommendations for emergency first aid. Methods Shores surrounding Qeshm Island were surveyed to collect cone snails during cold (February and March) and warm (May and June) seasons of 2017. Collected snails were identified to the species level. Abundance and species richness were estimated in shores of different structures, including muddy and sandy-rocky shores. Also, the most updated medical literature was reviewed to summarize related emergency first aid. Results Three cone snail species were recorded from southern sandy-rocky shores of the Island, in decreasing order of abundance, included crowned cone (Conus coronatus) (65%), feathered cone (Conus pennaceus) (28%), and frigid cone (Conus frigidus) (7%). Abundance of these species were significantly higher in cold season compared to the warm season (P < 0.05). No cone snails were recorded along the northern muddy shores of the Island. Conclusions Envenomation can cause various symptoms ranging from minor local pain to systemic paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. We recommend an awareness programme for the seashore visiting public.

Faunal data and envenomation emergency first aid of cone snails (Conus spp.) in Qeshm Island, the Persian Gulf

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the fauna of a highly venomous marine species group, the cone snails (Family Conidae), in the shores of Qeshm Island, of evaluating the possibility of envenomation in the area and summarize recommendations for emergency first aid.@*METHODS@#Shores surrounding Qeshm Island were surveyed to collect cone snails during cold (February and March) and warm (May and June) seasons of 2017. Collected snails were identified to the species level. Abundance and species richness were estimated in shores of different structures, including muddy and sandy-rocky shores. Also, the most updated medical literature was reviewed to summarize related emergency first aid.@*RESULTS@#Three cone snail species were recorded from southern sandy-rocky shores of the Island, in decreasing order of abundance, included crowned cone (Conus coronatus) (65%), feathered cone (Conus pennaceus) (28%), and frigid cone (Conus frigidus) (7%). Abundance of these species were significantly higher in cold season compared to the warm season (P < 0.05). No cone snails were recorded along the northern muddy shores of the Island.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Envenomation can cause various symptoms ranging from minor local pain to systemic paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. We recommend an awareness programme for the seashore visiting public.

Does the health of individuals have a mathematical code?

The definition of health of individuals is well described by the World Health Organization [WHO] and other International Health Organizations. Many studies have also been carried out in order to survey the health conditions in different countries based on this definition, therefore, the health condition of every country analyzed by the WHO. In this hypothesis, I would like to explain "whether the health of individuals has a mathematical code or not? If so, the discovery is on the way to examine each individual based on a health profile as well as every nation in the world to find out, what must be carried out on an individual, national, and international level to increase the health rank? The aim of this hypothesis is to bring to your attention and all of the WHO directors and specialist to ask" whether the health of individuals has a mathematical code or not?" If so, the new view must be considered in regard with the health of the world population, which will be discussed in this hypothesis

Determination of aflatoxin M1 contamination and integrity as well as credibility

Aspergillums can produce and secrete directly aflatoxin Ml. During the previous decade several papers pertaining to aflatoxin Ml have been published in different journals. Not mention of their more or less scientific aspects, they have fundamentally some problems in different features. In this paper we are going to have a bird's eye view on some articles published on this topic. It is suggested that complete research must be performed in order to find out the source of aflatoxin Ml contamination

effects of vaccination against meningococcal meningitis in Islamic Republic of Iran military forces during the years 1981 to 2009

Meningococcal meningitis is usually seen in overpopulated areas such as military barracks and causes high levels of mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study is to determine the role of vaccination as an interventional method in preventing this infection during 1981 to 2009 in Islamic Republic of Iran Military Forces. In a cross-sectional, the related documents in three other projects, including the mortality rate in high risk populations, intervention by vaccination and its efficiency in the soldiers, were surveyed along with the epidemiological evidences found using advanced laboratory method. The results indicated that the good vaccination has succeeded in protecting at risk groups with high levels of immunity. However, the vaccination accompanied with improved management of the patients resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate less than 0.1% by the end of 2008. Most of the patients who were at risk of meningitis were retired personals and their families. In addition, 35% of bacterial meningitis was due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. The results of this research indicated that the prevalence of mortality decreased from 106 cases in 2001 to nearly zero in 2009 which is due to control of meningococcal meningitis by vaccination and shows its significant impact on infection reduction

Arthropod borne diseases in imposed war during 1980

Personnel of military forces have close contact with natural habitat and usually encounter with bite of arthropods and prone to be infected with arthropod borne diseases. The imposed war against Iran was one of the most important and the longest war in the Middle East and even in the world and military people faced various diseases. The aim of this study was to review prevalence of arthropod borne diseases and to collect relevant information and valuable experiences during the imposed war. The present survey is a historical research and cross-sectional study, focused on arthropod fauna, situation of different arthropod borne diseases and also the ways which military personnel used to protect themselves against them. The information was adopted from valid military health files and also interviewing people who participated in the war. Scabies, cutaneous leishmaniasis, sandfly fever and pediculosis were more prevalent among other arthropod -borne diseases in Iran-Iraq war. Measures to control arthropods and diseases at wartime mainly included: scheduled spraying of pesticides, leishmanization and treatment of patients. Although measures used during the war to control arthropods were proper, however, due to needs and importance of military forces to new equipment and technologies, it is recommended to use deltamethrin-impregnated bed net, permethrin treated military uniforms and various insect repellents in future

[Choleare and introduction of 4 cases in soldiers in west and center of Iran in 2005: A Case report]

Background: choleare is caused by Vibrio choleare and it is well explained as water and foodborne disease. During 2005 totally 1133 cases with 12 death occurred across the country. With good making decision on health the outbreak was controlled

Case Presentation: this study is described 4 soldiers whom infected with Cholera from West and Center of Iran in 2005. In this study investigated that only 0.35% of cholera cases were soldiers. With rapid diagnosis and application of appropriate medical therapy, all 4cases were treated and ischarged with good health condition

Conclusions: decontamination of water and consideration of health measures during travel could be prevent the risk of infection

Advatages of rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by PCR in compare with direct microscopy and culture

Acute bacterial meningitis has remained an important cause of death and neurological damages among survivors. Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is crucial for the early targeting of antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to develop and apply a PCR assay for rapid diagnosis of meningitidis and to compare the results with those obtained by conventional bacteriology. We assessed 150 cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] specimens from suspected patients by PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene with specefic primers for Neisseria meningitidis, Sterptococcus pneumonia and Heamophilus influenza. All speciemns were also examined by conventional bacteriology. The rapidity of diagnosis increased when bacteriological methods were combined with PCR. Of 150 speciemens tested, 10 were positive for Neisseria meningitidis in PCR. Direct microscopy and bacterial culture found 5 and 8 cases infected with this organism respectively. PCR was more sensitive than direct microscopy and culture for detection of Neisseria meningitidis. However, direct microscopy may provide evidences for the quality of specimens and presence of other organisms in the samples. Wet- mount direct microscopy showed morphology and arrangements of the observed organisms that may be helpful in presumptive identification of certain bacteria such as gram negative bacilli and cocci. Moreover, the observed organisms may be useful in correct selection of culture media in the laboratory and prescription of appropriate therapy by physicians in a quickest time

[Serotyping of Neisseria meningitides in conscripts with meningitis admitted to five military hospital in Tehran between September 2004 and September 2006]

Background: Meningococcal meningitis is one of the most feared disorders with high rate morbidity and mortality. There is no exact information of meningococcal meningitis incidence in military personnel. Obligate vaccination of the military with meningococcal vaccine is a strategy with the potency to provide active protection of the conscripts before being dispatched to training centers. Although, sporadic cases of meningitis in conscripts occurred. The aim of this study was serotyping of the bacterium; Neisseria meningitides isolated from patients with meningitis which admitted to five military Hospitals

Materials and methods: In this cross- sectional study for determination of meningococcal meningitis serotypes in conscripts submit to five military hospitals the investigation was designed and carried out from September 2003 to September 2006. In this period, 12 cerebrospinal fluids of conscripts with clinical signs and symptoms of meningitis were collected, and the laboratory tests were done. In this study enriched Thayer Martin medium and standard bacteriological methods were used. The sample without bacterial cells or PMNs were centrifuged [10000 xg for 5 min]. The precipitate was cultured and direct smear was performed. Isolated bacterial strains was recognized by biochemical tests, and Neisseria meningitides strains were serotyped by specific antiserum

Results: During the study, 12 cases of meningitis in conscripts were seen. Neisseria meningitides was isolated only from 6 patients. Serotyping analysis revealed that 5 strains belong to Serotype C and 1 strain was to serotype B. Neisseria sica was isolated from one patient. In three patients there was no bacteriological evidence. In two patients, consumption of antibiotic before lumbar puncture results to no bacterial growth, but direct smear showed gram negative diplococci. In one patient recurrent meningococcal infection was occurred. Complement components analysis revealed deficiency in C3, C4 and CH50 [the rate was below 80 mg per deciliter]

Conclusions: the results of this study showed that, Neisseria meningitides was isolated from six patients which are all conscripts. It is necessary to find the reasons that why vaccinated conscripts infected by Neisseria meningitides serotype C. Further analysis showed that, five patients had complement deficiency and further research is necessary. However, 6 Neisseria meningitides strains were isolated from meningococcal vaccinated conscripts around the country [Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd and Oslavieh] in the period of study. Based on the findings of this study, effectiveness of the vaccine was desirable and the disease had been controlled in this population group. Because of complements deficiency in patients with meningococcal meningitis, other preventing methods for eradication of disease are necessary

Serotyping of Neisseria meningitides in conscripts with meningitis admitted to five military hospital in Tehran between September 2004 and September 2006

Meningococcal meningitis is one of the most feared disorders with high rate morbidity and mortality. There is no exact information of meningococcal meningitis incidence in military personnel. Obligate vaccination of the military with meningococcal vaccine is a strategy with the potency to provide active protection of the conscripts before being dispatched to training centers. Although sporadic cases of meningitis in conscripts occurred The aim of this study was serotyping of the bacterium; Neisseria meningitides isolated from patients with meningitis which admited to five military Hospitals. In this cross- sectional study for determination of meningococcal meningitis serotypes in conscripts submit to five military hospitals the investigation was designed and carried out from September 2003 to September 2006. In this period, 12 cerebrospinal fluids of conscripts with clinical signs and symptoms of meningitis were collected, and the laboratory tests were done. In this study enriched Thayer Martin medium and standard bacteriological methods were used. The sample without bacterial cells or PMNs were centrifuged [10000 xg for 5 min], The precipitate was cultured and direct smear was performed.Isolated bacterial strains was recognized by biochemical tests, and Neisseria meningitides strains were serotyped by specific antiserum. During the study, 12 cases of meningitis in conscripts were seen. Neisseria meningitides was isolated only from 6 patients. Serotyping analysis revealed that 5 strains belong to Serotype C and 1 strain was to serotype B. Neisseria sica was isolated from one patient. In three patients there was no bacteriological evidence. In two patients, consumption of antibiotic before lumbar puncture results to no bacterial growth, but direct smear showed gram negative diplococci. In one patient recurrent meningococcal infection has occurred. Complement components analysis revealed deficiency in C3, C4 and CH50 [the rate was below 80 mg per deciliter]. The results of this study showed that, Neisseria meningitides was isolated from six patients which are all conscripts. It is necessary to find the reasons that why vaccinated conscripts infected by Neisseria meningitides serotype C. Further analysis showed that, five patients had complement deficiency and further research is necessary. However, 6 Neisseria meningitides strains were isolated from meningococcal vaccinated conscripts around the country [Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd and Oslavieh] in the period of study. Based on the findings of this study, effectiveness of the vaccine was desirable and the disease had been controlled in this population group. Because of complements deficiency in patients with meningococcal meningitis, other preventing methods for eradication of disease are necessary

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in imposed war [Iraq against I.R.of Iran] during 1980-1988

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by a parasite called Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is a main vector borne disease in the world and it can be transmitted to human by bite of sandflies. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis was a major infectious disease during imposed war among combatants who were exposed because of their activity in the endemic areas located in south west of Iran. Military troops are very susceptible to get the infection as a result of their activity in the endemic areas, therefore the Integrated Health measures are needed to prevent the problem. The aim of this descriptive study was to assess the situation of the disease during imposed war. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in order to find out the situation of the disease by using available data from 1980 to 1988.The data was analysed using SPSS Version 11.5. In addition, the result was compared with other National Health Organizations. Based on these research findings, it should be noted that cutaneaous leishmaniasis was very common among conbataouts in Kozestan, the province with the highest prevalence [35275 cases]. However, the west Azarbijan province in North west of Iran had low prevalence of infection [142 cases]. Nevertheless, the disease has never been reported in Ardebil [North west of Iran] and Ghom [in the central of Iran] during imposed war. The results of this study indicated that cutaneous Leishmaniasis was a major problem of combatant during imposed war, and its definitive control was ineffective and insufficient; therefore, the new control methods including Standard Leishmanization are needed to prevent the disease

Common infectious diseases in Turkey need health attention for habitants near borders

Many socioeconomical factors as well as different health indicators could be affected in human health in different geographical variation with different climates and it can be seen in different countries of the world. Turkey is a country that its health situation directly or indirectly can be considered to decrease or increase the quality of health in our country especially for our military forces. The aim of this study was to determine the latest situation geo-pathological of this country in order to find out their health problems. This is a review study that was carried out based on literature reviews as well as collection of health information from Internet and websites of WHO and CDC for Turkey country. In this study more than 300 hours internet works for collection of data and preparation of information were spent. Infectious diseases were determined specially in common border of Turkey and IR Iran. Based on this study, serious health problem and infectious disease such as hepatitis A and E, cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, malaria,diarrhea, measles, tuberculosis, respiratory infection were reported in Turkey. This study shows that different infectious diseases seen in Turkey and their diseases or health could be affecting our national public health aspects and health of military forces. Therefore, it must be considered under observation to prevent any problems for future

[Common infectious diseases in Turkey need health attention for habitants near borders]

Background: Many socioeconomical factors as well as different health indicators could be affected in human health in different geographical variation with different climates and it can be seen in different countries of the world. Turkey is a country that its health situation directly or indirectly can be considered to decrease or increase the quality of health in our country especially for our military forces. The aim of this study was to determine the latest situation of gee-pathological of this country in order to find out their health problems

Material and methods: This is a review study that was carried out based on literature reviews as well as collection of health information from Internet and websites of WHO and CDC for Turkey country. In this study more than 300 hours internet works for collection of data and preparation of information were spent. Infectious diseases were determined specially in common border of Turkey and IR Iran

Results: Based on this study, serious health problem and infectious disease such as hepatitis A and E, cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, malaria, diarrhea, measles, tuberculosis, respiratory infection were reported in Turkey

Conclusions: This study shows that different infectious diseases seen in Turkey and their diseases or health could be affected our national public health aspects and health of military forces. Therefore, it must be considered under observation to prevent any problems for future