[Alterations in tissue and hepatic enzymes in male rats born to mothers treated with haloperidol]

Background and Objective: Liver is an important organ with specific function in relation to drug metabolism. Haloperidol is a drug for the treatment of schizophrenia, mania in bipolar disorder and dizziness. This study was performed to determine the changes in tissue and hepatic enzymes in male rats born to mothers treated with haloperidol

Methods: In this experimental study, 25 adult female Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups. The control group, the sham group and experimental groups 1, 2, 3. Dams in experimental groups 1, 2, 3 in the pregnancy period were received 12.5, 25 ,50 mg/kg /bw of haloperidol for 21 days orally, respectively. The control groups were sham and three experimental, first, second and third experimental groups. Mothers of mice received 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg of haloperidol during the pregnancy as 21 days of gavage. At the end of pregnancy and 22 days of infant, all infants were weighed. Alanine aminotransferase [ALT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and aspartate transaminase [AST], albumin and total protein were measured by autoanalysis and liver tissues were stained using hepatoxylin-eosin method

Results: The mean concentration of albumin and total protein in the second and third experimental groups significantly reduced in compare to control group [P<0.05]. The mean concentration of AST in the second and third experimental groups significantly increased in comparsion with control group [P<0.05]. The mean concentration of ALT and ALP in all experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group [P<0.05]. The mean of liver indices in all experimental groups was not significant in comparison with the control group. In the tissue samples of the experimental groups, necrosis was observed with increasing dosage

Conclusion: Haloperidol has been shown to increase liver enzymes and liver necrosis and increase liver necrosis in a dose-proportional manner

[Hepatoprotective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Oliveria decumbens against hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium chloride in adult male rat]

Cadmium is a toxic metal with wide usage in industry. It exerts toxic effects on various organs, including liver. In this study, the hepato-protective effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Oliveria decumbens on AST, ALT, ALP Enzymes following toxicity induced by cadmium chloride was investigated in male rat. In this experimental study, 48 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 8. These groups were as follow: the control, left untreated; the sham, just received distilled water; the experimental group 1, treated with 2mg/kg cadmium chloride; the experimental group 2 received 500 mg/kg oliveria extract, and experimental groups 3 and 4 initially received 2mg/kg cadmium chloride followed by 250 and 500 mg/kg extract respectively for 21 days. At the end of experiment, blood samples were taken, and were prepared for measuring serum levels of hepatic enzymes. In comparison with control and sham groups, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP enzymes increased significantly in the experimental group 1. There were no significant changes in the enzyme levels in the experimental group 2. There were no significant changes in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP enzymes in the experimental group 3 compared to control and sham groups. A significant decrease was observed in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP enzymes in the experimental group 4 in comparison with experimental group 1 [P<0.05]. The results showed that O.decumbens extract could possess protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by heavy metals, such as cadmium and could improve the liver function

Protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts of saffron on liver enzymes [AST,ALT,ALP] by hypervitaminosis a in male rat

Introduction and Aim: Nowedays vitamin A consumption to compensate for the lack of it in the body or healing of skindisorders without considering respective side effects is socommon. In this research the protective effect of saffron hydroalcoholic extracts on liver enzymes following vitamin A toxicitywas investigated

Materials and Methods: In the experimental study 48 rats were divided into 6 groups of 8, namely control, sham and 4experimental. Control group didn't received anythings, sham group received only distilled water. The experimental group 1 Number 1 received saffron hydro alcoholic extract with 50mg/kg dose for 15 days. Experimental groups 3, 4, 5, initially received vitamin A 50000IU for 15 days. The experimental groups 4,5 received saffron hydro alcoholic extract with 50,80 [mg/kg] dose for 15 days. At the end of this period, blood was collected from the hearts for measuring the amounts of AST, ALT and ALP.Obtained data were statistically analyzed using statistical tests including one way variance analysis and tukey test . P<0.05 was considered significant

Results: Levels of AST,ALT,ALP in the experimental group 1 that received only the extracts with 50 mg/kg dose didn't exhibit any change in comparison with control and sham group [P<0.05]. In the experimental group 2 that received only vitamin A was observed a dramatic difference in the enzymes in comparison compare with control and sham groups .In the experimental group 3 that received vitamin A plus saffron hydro alcoholic extracts with 50 mg/kg dose, there wasn't any significant difference in the mentioned liver enzymes, in comparison with the experimental group 2 [P<0.05].In the experimental group 4 that received vitamin A plus saffron hydro alcoholic extracts with 80 mg/kg dose, the level of AST,ALT.ALP in comparison with experimental group 2 that received only vitamin A show significan difference [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Considering the present fidings, saffron extracts seems to protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress caused by hypervitaminosis A due to its antioxidant compounds

[ effect of coconut fruit meat on testosterone and gonadotropic hormones level and germ cells in adult male rats]

The coconut fruit meat contains some chemical compounds such as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzyme and cause increasing cholesterol level in body. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of coconut fruit meat on spermatogenesis, testosterone and gonadotropic hormones level in adult male rats. In this experimental study, 40 male rats Wistar strain were divided into 5 groups of eight including the control group received nothing, the sham group received an equal volume of normal saline as a solvent and the experimental groups received 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of meat of coconut fruit for 30 days orally. At the end of the 30th day, the blood samples and the testes were removed and histological changes were studied among experimental, sham and control groups. Data were analyzed by one- way analysis of variance [ANOVA] and independent t-test. Concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of coconut meat increased testosterone level and sperm condense in seminiferous tubules in comparison with the control and sham groups [p<0.05]. Meat of coconut fruit increases testosterone level and tubular sperm condense, via inhibiting 5-alpha- reductase and increasing 17-beta- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase enzyme biosynthesize that which might be because of the lauric, myristic and palmitic acid content of the coconut fruit meat.

[Effects of doxepin on physiology of reproduction in adult male rats]

Doxepin is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Considering the importance of this drug in treating some nervous diseases, its side effects seem to be important on the endocrine axis. In this study, the effects of doxepin on the concentration of testosterone, FSH and LH level and spermatogenesis were studied. This experimental study was done on 40 male Wistar rats that were divided into 5 groups of 8. The control group received nothing. The sham group was given distilled water as a solvent. The experimental groups were injected 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg of the drug orally for 21 days, respectively. The blood samples were taken at 22[th] day and the concentration of testosterone, FSH and LH were measured by RIA method. In addition, at the 22[th] day, the testes were separated and histological changes were studied among experimental, sham and control groups. The results were evaluated by using ANOVA and Duncan tests. The results showed that 140 mg/kg of doxepin reduced serum testosterone level, while it increased FSH and LH levels [p<0.05]. Histological investigations of the testes showed a decline on spermatogenesis chain in dose of 140 mg/kg of the drug. This study showed that doxepin decreases the concentration of testosterone level and the number of spermatogenic cells and increases FSH and LH levels at high doses. Therefore, it may weaken the function of reproductive activity

[ Effects of cabergoline on pituitary- thyroid hormones in adult male rats]

Cabergoline is a strong dopaminergic agonist that is derived from Ergot fungus. Although, this drug can be so important in treating many disorders such as hyperprolactinemia, but its side effects are considerable on the endocrinal axis. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of cabergoline on serum levels of TSH, T[4] and T[3] hormones in adult male rats. In this experimental study, 40 adult male wistar rats were used in five groups of eight. The drug was subcutaneously injected for a period of 14 days. The experimental groups received 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. The control group received no drug. The sham group received only distilled water. At the end of 14[th] day, blood samples were taken and the concentration of TSH, T[4] and T[3] were measured by RIA. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and TUKEY test between the control and experimental group. Serum levels of TSH and T4 hormones in the experimental groups with doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg showed statistically significant decrease compared with control group [p<0.05]. Concentration of T[3] hormone showed significant increase in the experimental group with 0.1 mg/kg in comparison with control group [p<0.05]. Cabergoline probably decreases the release of TSH and T[4] by stimulating the D[2]-dopaminergic receptor existing in thyrotrophic cells. According to the increase of T[3] concentration with low dose of drug, cabergoline may have different physiological effects in different amounts, and alter the function of pituitary -thyroid axis

[ effects of trifluralin on LH, FSH, and testosterone levels and testis histological changes in adult rats]

Trifluralin is a dinitroaniline herbicide and is used for controlling of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in agriculture. It enters into the plants through developing roots and stops plant cells from dividing and elongation [meristemic inhibitor]. According to entrance of this herbicide into the body via fresh vegetables, in this research the effects of trifluralin on reproductive parameters of the male wistar rats including serum LH, FSH, testosterone, and changes in testicular tissue and body weight were investigated. In this experimental study, forty male wistar rats with weight of 250 +/- 5g were randomly divided in 5 groups, including control, sham [received normal saline as a solvent], and three experimental groups receiving 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg oral trifluralin, respectively. It was administered orally once a day for 16 days. After 16 days, body and testis weight were measured and blood samples were taken from heart and used for measurement of LH, FSH and testosterone levels. To evaluate histological changes, testes were removed and weighed and, after obtaining tissue section, stained by Hematoxilin-Eosine. Serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels showed significant decrease in experimental groups [p<0.001, p<0.05]. There was significant decrease in the number of germinal and somatic cells in testis in experimental groups [p<0.05]. There was also a significant decrease in body and testis weight, and concentration of sperms in experimental groups [p<0.05]. Oral administration of trifluralin could decrease gonadotropins and testosterone levels and impair steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by oxidative stress and production of free radicals

effects of trifluralin on LH, FSH and testosterone hormone levels and testis histological changes in adult rats

Trifluralin is a herbicide and used in agriculture widely. It enters plants through developing roots and stops plant cells from division and elongation [meristemic inhibitor]. Extensive application of trifluralin to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in agriculture, horticulture and horn garden. leads to environmental pollution and its entrance into the food chain could have determined effects on human and other species. In this research the effects of trifluralin on reproductive parameters of the male rats including serum luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], testosterone levels, and changes in testicular tissue and body weight were investigated. For this purpose male rats were randomly divided in 5 groups, to include control, sham [received normal saline as a solvent], and three experimental groups which received 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg oral trifluralin respectively. After 16 days, body and testis weight were measured and blood samples were taken from heart and used for measurement of LH, FSH and testosterone levels. To evaluate histological changes, testes were removed and weighed and, after obtaining tissue section, stained by HE. Serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels showed significant decrease in experimental groups [p