In-depth transcriptome reveals the potential biotechnological application of Bothrops jararaca venom gland

Lack of complete genomic data of Bothrops jararaca impedes molecular biology research focusing on biotechnological applications of venom gland components. Identification of full-length coding regions of genes is crucial for the correct molecular cloning design. Methods: RNA was extracted from the venom gland of one adult female specimen of Bothrops jararaca. Deep sequencing of the mRNA library was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. De novo assembly of B. jararaca transcriptome was done using Trinity. Annotation was performed using Blast2GO. All predicted proteins after clustering step were blasted against non-redundant protein database of NCBI using BLASTP. Metabolic pathways present in the transcriptome were annotated using the KAAS-KEGG Automatic Annotation Server. Toxins were identified in the B. jararaca predicted proteome using BLASTP against all protein sequences obtained from Animal Toxin Annotation Project from Uniprot KB/Swiss-Pro database. Figures and data visualization were performed using ggplot2 package in R language environment. Results: We described the in-depth transcriptome analysis of B. jararaca venom gland, in which 76,765 de novo assembled isoforms, 96,044 transcribed genes and 41,196 unique proteins were identified. The most abundant transcript was the zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like jararhagin. Moreover, we identified 78 distinct functional classes of proteins, including toxins, inhibitors and tumor suppressors. Other venom proteins identified were the hemolytic lethal factors stonustoxin and verrucotoxin. Conclusion: It is believed that the application of deep sequencing to the analysis of snake venom transcriptomes may represent invaluable insight on their biotechnological potential focusing on candidate molecules.(AU)

Non-Viral gene transfer to the tendon: comparison of two methods / Transferência gênica não viral para tendão: comparação de dois métodos

Tendons are part of the connective tissue that joins muscle to bone. Tendon injuries are a problem, since they have a poor ability to regenerate spontaneously. Alternative treatments involving the injection of local growth factors and gene transfer has been evaluated. Thus, we compared two methods for non-viral gene transfer tendons, using the GFP gene as reporter gene. Methods: Wistar rats had the medial quadriceps tendon exposed and the plasmid was transferred by direct injection or complexed with liposomes. Quantification of GFP in the tendom and in the spleen was evaluated by histological analysis with a fluorescence microscope. Results: gene transfer to the tendon was successfully obtained in both treatments. Lipoplex, as expected, showed the highest efficiency in transducing tenocytes, however we have found GFP expression also in the spleen. Naked DNA also showed fluorescence values above the control group and the signal was limited to the tendom. Discussion: the use of GFP as a reporter gene is a classical approach to evaluate gene transfer efficiency. Non-viral gene transfer methods are safe but show low levels of transduction and transient expression. For tendon repair, however, these characteristics may prove beneficial because a transient expression may be desirable to avoid the risk of adverse effects. GFP distribution in the spleen was probably a result of lipoplexes uptake by cells from the reticular endothelial system. Conclusion: taking into account the distribution of GFP in another tissue when using lipoplex, we believe that naked DNA is a more appropriate way to perform gene transfer to the tendon, ensuring safety, low cost and easy handling

Injúrias no tendão representam um problema, uma vez que estes têm pobre capacidade de regeneração espontânea. Tratamentos envolvendo injeção local de fatores de crescimento e transferência gênica tem sido avaliados. Assim, comparamos dois métodos de transferência gênica não viral para tendões, usando o gene GFP como gene repórter. Métodos: ratos Wistar tiveram a porção medial do tendão quadriciptal exposto e o plasmídeo foi transferido através de injeção direta ou complexado com lipossoma. A quantificação de GFP no tendão e no baço foi avaliada por análise histológica. Resultados: a transferência gênica para o tendão foi obtida com sucesso nos dois tratamentos. Lipoplexo demonstrou maior eficiência na transfecção, porém a presença de GFP foi detectada também no baço. A transfecção com DNA nu demonstrou valores de fluorescência superiores ao grupo controle e o sinal foi limitado ao tendão. Discussão: o uso de GFP como gene repórter é uma abordagem clássica para avaliar a eficiência da transferência de genes. A transferência não-viral é segura embora apresente expressão transiente. Para o reparo do tendão, no entanto, essas características podem ser benéficas, pois uma expressão transiente pode ser desejável para evitar o risco de efeitos adversos. A distribuição de GFP no baço foi provavelmente resultado da absorção dos lipoplexos por células do sistema retículo endotelial. Conclusão: Tendo em conta a distribuição de GFP em outro tecido quando utilizamos lipoplexo, pensamos que o DNA nu é uma forma mais adequada para realizar a transferência de genes para o tendão, garantindo segurança, baixo custo e fácil manuseio

Prevalence of the serpin peptidase inhibitor (alpha-1-antitrypsin) PI*S and PI*Z alleles in Brazilian children with liver disease

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 1 (SERPINA1) deficiency is one of the main genetic causes related to liver disease in children. In SERPINA1 deficiency the most frequent SERPINA1 alleles found are the PI*S and PI*Z alleles. We used the polymerase chain reaction and the amplification created restriction site (ACRS) technique to investigate the prevalence of the PI*S and PI*Z alleles in a group of Brazilian children (n = 200) with liver disease and established the general frequency of the PI*S allele in our population. We found a significant association of the PI*Z allele and liver disease, but no such relationship was found for the PI*S allele. Our results show that SERPINA1 deficiency due to the PI*Z allele, even when heterozygous, is a frequent cause of liver disease in our group of Brazilian children but that the PI*S allele does not confer an increased risk of hepatic disorders in our group of Brazilian children.