Galling arthropod diversity in adjacent swamp forests and restinga vegetation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Galling arthropods create plant structures inside which they find shelter. Factors acting on galler diversity are still being discussed, with this fauna considered more diverse in xeric than mesic environments (higrothermic stress hypothesis, HSH), and also in more plant diverse sites. Here we compare galler abundance (N), equitability (E), species richness (S) and composition between adjacent restinga (xeric) and swamp forests (mesic) in Parque Estadual de Itapeva (29°21' S, 49°45' W), Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Five trails, two in swamp forest and three in restingas, were sampled four times each (January/December 2005). After an effort of 60h/person, 621 galled plant individuals belonging to 104 gall morphotypes were recorded. This suggests a high galler diversity for the Park, comparable to the richest places known. No differences were found for N, E or S between restingas and swamp forests. However, faunal composition differs significantly between the vegetation types. The dominant (most abundant) species are different in either vegetation type, and are rare or absent on the other vegetation type. Such species composition analysis is still largely ignored for gallers, and stresses the fact that the HSH cannot explain this pattern, since the latter is based on preferences by the ovipositing galler for xeric sites instead of mesic ones. The two habitats differ in microclimate, but species richness, as would be predicted by the HSH, does not differ. This small scale pattern can perhaps be attributed to biogeographic processes on larger scales, as suggested by the resource synchronisation hypothesis.

Diversity of galling arthropods and host plants in a subtropical forest of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil

Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain diversity patterns of galling insects. However, there are contradictory evidences on the evolutionary and ecological factors responsible for the trends. Furthermore, questions such as arthropod seasonality, sampling sufficiency and sampling team experience have been almost ignored. This study records galling arthropod diversity while paying attention to these questions. Seasonal sampling of galling arthropods and host plants were conducted in a humid subtropical forest of southern Brazil. Four transects were sampled twice per season, with two persons searching the vegetation for galls during 1h30min. After 96h.persons of sampling, 130 gall morphotypes on 84 species of host plants were recorded. An analysis of the numbers of galls and gall morphotypes found per transect along time showed that sampling team experience influences galler richness results and the interpretation of galler seasonality patterns. Different species had distinct seasonal patterns. Galling arthropod richness was bound to plant richness. Our results suggest that sampling team experience is an important factor that must be explicitly considered, as well as seasonality patterns of different galling species, at least for tropical/subtropical areas. Although sampling sufficiency was not reached, fauna heterogeneity at small spatial scales seems substantial: despite the proximity of the sampled transects (500 m), they harboured significantly specific faunas. This work adds to the literature records suggesting that both plant richness and specific composition of the vegetation have a strong influence on galler richness at least for local scales.

Muitas hipóteses têm sido propostas para explicar os padrões de diversidade de insetos galhadores, porém existem evidências contraditórias quanto aos principais processos ecológicos e evolutivos responsáveis por esses padrões. Adicionalmente, questões como sazonalidade dos artrópodos, suficiência amostral e aprendizado dos amostradores têm sido praticamente ignoradas. Este estudo registra artrópodos galhadores e avalia essas questões. Amostragens sazonais de artrópodos galhadores e suas plantas hospedeiras foram realizadas numa floresta subtropical úmida. Quatro transectos foram amostrados duas vezes por estação, por duas pessoas, procurando galhas na vegetação durante 1h30min. Após 96h.pessoa de amostragem, 130 morfotipos de galhas foram encontrados em 84 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. A análise do número de galhas e morfotipos encontrados por transecto demonstrou que a experiência dos amostradores influencia os resultados sobre riqueza de galhadores e os dados relativos a sazonalidade. Diferentes espécies apresentaram distintos padrões sazonais. A riqueza de artrópodos galhadores demonstrou estar ligada à riqueza de plantas. Os resultados sugerem que a experiência dos amostradores é um fator essencial, bem como os padrões de sazonalidade das diferentes espécies, pelo menos em áreas tropicais/subtropicais. Apesar de a suficiência amostral não ter sido atingida, a heterogeneidade da fauna em escalas espaciais pequenas mostrou-se considerável: mesmo com a proximidade entre os locais amostrados (trilhas não distavam mais que 500 m entre si), estes mostraram possuir faunas específicas. Este trabalho adiciona à literatura registros sugerindo que tanto a riqueza florística quanto a composição específica da vegetação têm forte influência sobre a riqueza de galhadores, pelo menos em escalas locais.

Effects of egg age of Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on parasitism by Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

To evaluate the effect of egg age of Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) on the parasitism by Gryon gallardoi (Brethes), groups of 12 eggs of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 12 days old were exposed to one female of G. gallardoi on a test tube, with the wasp observed for 2h subsequently. Later, the eggs were individualised and incubated (25 ± 1°C; 12h photoperiod) until adult emergence. To identify the preferred age, groups of 12 eggs of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 12 days of age were simultaneously exposed to a parasitoid female on an arena for 2h. These groups were also individualised and incubated until parasitism was confirmed. On all ages tested parasitism was at about 88.5 ± 2.64 percent, with a reduction in adult parasitoid emergence with age increasing (P < 0.01). The development time increased with increasing egg age (P < 0.01), with males developing faster. Parasitoid sex ratio for all ages tested was female-biased (0.49:1), with the proportion of males invariant with host age (P > 0.05). When the egg groups were exposed simultaneously, the female preferred eggs one and three days old. The results indicate a preference of G. gallardoi for younger eggs of S. dentiventris, with host egg age exerting a negative effect on development time and offspring emergence of the parasitoid.

Visando avaliar o efeito da idade dos ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) no parasitismo por Gryon gallardoi (Brethes), foram expostos grupos de 12 ovos de 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, e 12 dias de idade para uma fêmea de G. gallardoi em um tubo de ensaio, sendo esta observada por 2h. Após, os ovos foram individualizados e incubados (25 ± 1°C; fotoperíodo de 12h) até a emergência dos adultos. Para a avaliação da idade preferencial, grupos de 12 ovos de 1, 3, 5, 7 e 12 dias de idade foram expostos, simultaneamente, para uma fêmea do parasitóide por 2h. Posteriormente, os grupos foram individualizados e incubados até ser confirmado o parasitismo. Em todas as idades testadas verificou-se parasitismo em 88,5 ± 2,64 por cento dos ovos oferecidos, com diminuição no percentual de emergência com o aumento da idade (P < 0,01). O tempo de desenvolvimento aumentou com a idade dos ovos (P < 0,01), sendo que os machos se desenvolveram mais rapidamente. A razão sexual, em todas as idades testadas foi desviada para fêmeas (0,49:1) e a proporção de machos não variou com a idade do hospedeiro (P > 0,05). Quando os grupos de ovos foram expostos simultaneamente, a fêmea preferiu os ovos de um e três dias de idade. Os resultados indicaram preferência de G. gallardoi por ovos mais jovens de S. dentiventris podendo a idade exercer efeito negativo no tempo de desenvolvimento e na emergência da prole.