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Macrophages are important members of innate immunity and play an extremely important role in the host defense against pathogenic infections, tumors, and allergic diseases. Macrophages have a high degree of plasticity, and may be polarized into classical activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) and alternative activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) under the stimulation of different environments. M1 macrophages are found to promote inflammatory responses, which facilitates the clearance of pathogens, while M2 macrophages may inhibit inflammatory responses, which facilitates the survival and reproduction of pathogens. This review summarizes the role of macrophage polarization in parasitic infections, so as to provide insights into the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases.
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Objective To characterize the trehalase gene in Thelazia callipaeda through screening the annotated data of the T. callipaeda genome, and to investigate the biological characteristics of the trehalase gene-coding protein. Methods The trehalase gene was screened from the T. callipaeda genome and subjected to validation by using a PCR assay. The structural features of the coding protein were analyzed with bioinformatics tools, including hydrophobicity, transmembrane region, signal peptides, conserved domains, as well as the secondary and tertiary structures and the antigen epitope. Homology analysis of the amino acid sequences was performed, and the phylogenetic tree was built by the MEGA X software. In addition, the protein-protein interaction network was deduced from the STRING database. Results The sequence of the trehalase gene with the complete CDS region was obtained from T. callipaeda genome, which had a length of 1 638 bp and encoded 545 amino acids. The encoded protein was predicted to have a molecular weight of 63 478.48 ku and be a secretory protein. The 5′ domain of the encoded protein contained a signal peptide without transmembrane regions, and was predicted to contain 7 antigen epitopes. Based on the protein-protein interaction network of nematodes in the STRING database, the protein-protein interaction network of the trehalase gene of T. callipaeda was deduced, and 27 interactions covering 10 genes were identified. Conclusions A trehalase gene is successfully identified in T. callipaeda genome and its coding protein receives a bioinformatics analysis, which provides insights into the research on the biological functions of the protein and the screening of vaccine candidates for thelaziasis callipaeda.
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Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an important immunoregulatory enzyme, which mediates immune effects by depleting tryptophan and producing multiple metabolites. Recently, the studies on the immune function of IDO have been mostly restricted in tumors and autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, there are few studies pertaining to the role of IDO in parasitic diseases, notably in parasite-host immune interactions. This review mainly describes IDO-mediated immunoregulatory effects and its regulation of parasite-host interactions, so as to provide insights into the development of immune intervention schemes against parasitic diseases.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a type of pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine with a specific structure, participates in the regulation of host cell growth and migration and immune responses. Following parasitic infections, hosts may produce MIF and then participate in the parasite-host interactions. In addition, parasites may secrete parasite-derived MIF, and they jointly participate in parasite-host interactions. This paper reviews the regulation of MIF gene expression following parasitic infections, the role of MIF in parasite-host immune system interactions, and important signaling pathways of MIF-mediated immune responses.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a type of pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine with a specific structure, participates in the regulation of host cell growth and migration and immune responses. Following parasitic infections, hosts may produce MIF and then participate in the parasite-host interactions. In addition, parasites may secrete parasite-derived MIF, and they jointly participate in parasite-host interactions. This paper reviews the regulation of MIF gene expression following parasitic infections, the role of MIF in parasite-host immune system interactions, and important signaling pathways of MIF-mediated immune responses.
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This paper reports a case of human thelaziasis callipaeda in Tongren area of Guizhou Province.
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We conducted prediction and analysis for secretory proteins from Thelazia callipaeda at Genome Scale based on the previous full genome annotation.The software SignalP,TMHMM,big-PI Predictor,MEME,Protcomp and SecretomeP were combined to process the prediction of the secretome of Thelazia callipaeda.The analyses of secretory proteins by GO function enrichment,KEGG pathway,and statistics of domains were performed.Results showed that totally 259 secretory proteins were found in Thelazia callipaeda genome and the amino acid lengths of secretory proteins were mainly concentrated between 100 to 700 aa exclusively.GO function analysis of secretory proteins indicated that they were enriched in the secreting pathways and in the interactions with host.The results of KEGG metabolism secretory proteins suggested that some of them contributed to drug metabolism and glutathione metabolism.And domain analysis suggested that most of them were glycoside hydrolase,contributing to sugar metabolism.Around 126 secretory proteins had antigenicity of B-cell epitope.In summary,we found that secretory proteins in Thelazia callipaeda were most small proteins,which were involved in sugar metabolism and antioxidative activity,facilitating Thelazia callipaeda to invade the hosts and play a key role in the parasitic course.
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Objective To investigate the molecular characteristics of genome sequence of Thelazia callipaeda(T.cp).Meth-ods The obtained T.cp genome assembling data were annotated by using a combination of ab initio gene by softwares,Gene-Mark and GeneID,and the homology of the experimentally confirmed genes was predicted by software GeMoMa.The results were integrated by software EVM to predict all genes of genome.The obtained genes were annotated in the common public data-base and three dedicated databases(CAZyme,TCDB and PHI),respectively.Results The Scaffolds and Contigs gene struc-ture of T.cp genome(79.34 Mb)was analyzed,and a total of 6 333 genes were obtained.The sequence search was conducted in the public databases using BLASTx,of which 97.85％of the genes could be annotated.The genes annotated in the NR database were the most(98.69％),and those enriched in the KEGG pathway were the least(50.50％).The functional genes were blasted by KOG database and totally 4 517 genes were found.The three special databases(CAZyme,TCDB and PHI)were used to an-notate all the genes,and 136,139 and 1 498 genes were assigned respectively,and the number of genes in the PHI database was the largest.In the cytochrome proprietary database,238 cytochrome P450 genes were predicted.Conclusion We have pre-liminarily revealed the T.cp genome structure characteristics and annotation information,and totally 6 333 genes are obtained.
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This paper reports a case of human thelaziasis callipaeda in Tongren area of Guizhou Province.