Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and glycemic management in non-critical hospitalized patients / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

In recent years, with the continuous development of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA), its role in the management of blood glucose in hospitalized patients has been explored. GLP-1RA can not only control blood glucose in non-critically ill hospitalized patients, but also inhibit appetite, delay gastric emptying, protect nerves, anti-inflammation, reduce systolic blood pressure and blood lipids. At the same time, many studies have found that it can also improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes and reduce the risk of hospitalization complications. Therefore, this paper analyzes the role of GLP-1RA in glycemic management by reviewing domestic and international studies, consensus and guidelines related to inpatient blood glucose management, and helps to better manage blood glucose of patients in non-critical care setting.

Establishment of a hyperuricemia rat model by stimulation of high temperature-humidity environment / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To establish a hyperuricemia rat model through the high temperature-humidity treatment, and monitor its vital signs and biochemical indicator characteristics, as well as observe the changes of renal histomorphology and ultrastructure.Methods:Male SD rats were randomly divided into control(CON) group, potassium oxonate(PO) group and high temperature-humidity(HTH) group, 6 rats each. The experiment lasted for 6 consecutive weeks. Rats from PO group was given 250 mg/kg PO by gavage every day. The rats from HTH group were treated with a special thermostatic incubator for one hour each day after gavaging 250 mg/kg PO. Serum uric acid, creatinine and other indicators were detected every 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, the kidney tissues were collected. The morphological changes and urate crystal deposition of kidney tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson′s trichrome staining and gomori staining, while the ultramicrostructural changes of kidney were observed by transmission electron microscope.Results:Two weeks after the experiment, the average serum uric acid values of PO group and HTH group increased significantly, HTH group was higher than PO and CON groups[(133.9±17.8), (107.6±12.4), and (85.7±4.1) μmol/L, P=0.001]. And after 6 weeks, the HTH group was still higher than the other two groups[(115.1±27.8), (82.7±13.9), and (72.9±17.8) μmol/L, P=0.008). The average serum creatinine in HTH group was slightly higher than that in PO group and CON group at 6 weeks[(46.2±4.7), (38.1±6.0), and (28.3±6.3) μmol/L, P=0.001]. Light microscope showed partial renal tubular dilatation in PO group, but renal tubular epithelial cells swelling and inflammatory cells infiltration were more significant in HTH group. The ultrastructural changes such as glomerular podocyte swelling were found in HTH group by transmission electron microscope. Conclusion:In this study, we had successfully established a hyperuricemia rat model by simulating the high temperature-humidity environment combined with potassium oxyzinate after 2 weeks of experiment. After 6 weeks of modeling, it was found that the high temperature-humidity induced rat models possessed a relatively higher and stabler serum uric acid level than that of the traditional chemical medicine induced rats. The method can be applied to the research of pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of hyperuricemia caused by high temperature-humidity environment.

Difference analysis of 18F-FMISO PET/CT hypoxia imaging in response to heavy ion radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical value of 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET/CT hypoxia imaging in early response to heavy ion radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Methods:From April 2018 to January 2021, the 18F-FMISO PET/CT images of 23 NSCLC patients (19 males, 4 females; age (64.9±10.3) years) who received heavy ion radiotherapy in Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center were retrospectively analyzed. The evaluation parameters included tumor volume (TV), tumor to background ratio (TBR) before and after radiotherapy. Patients were divided into hypoxia group and non-hypoxia group with the baseline TBR value≥1.4 as hypoxia threshold. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the differences of TV and TBR before and after radiotherapy in 2 groups. Results:Of 23 NSCLC patients, 17 were hypoxia and 6 were non-hypoxia. Compared with the baseline, TV after the radiotherapy (59.44(22.86, 99.43) and 33.78(8.68, 54.44) cm 3; z=-3.05, P=0.002) and TBR after the radiotherapy (2.25(2.09, 2.82) and 1.42(1.24, 1.67); z=-3.39, P=0.001) of the hypoxia group were significantly lower, while TV (16.19(6.74, 36.52) and 8.59(4.38, 25.47) cm 3; z=-1.57, P=0.120) and TBR (1.19(1.05, 1.27) and 1.10 (0.97, 1.14); z=-1.89, P=0.060) of the non-hypoxia group decreased with no significant differences. Conclusions:Hypoxic NSCLC tumors are sensitive to heavy ion radiation. Compared with non-hypoxic tumors, hypoxic tumors respond more quickly, and a significant reduction in TV can be observed early after radiotherapy. Heavy ion radiation can significantly improve tumor hypoxia.

Gut microbiota and its metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO): a novel regulator in coronary artery disease / 生物工程学报

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic disease but causes the highest mortality and morbidity among the cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Correlations between CAD and gut microbiota have been observed. This suggests that the gut microbiota could become a vital diagnostic marker of CAD, and restoring the gut habitat may become a promising strategy for CAD therapy. The elevated level of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, was found to be associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the all-cause mortality. Preclinical studies have shown that it has pro-arteriosclerosis properties. It is likely that regulating the production of TMAO by gut microbiota may become a promising strategy for anti-atherosclerosis therapy. This review summarizes the clinical and preclinical researches on the intervention of CAD by regulating the gut microbiota and the microbiota-derived metabolite TMAO, with the aim to provide new target for the therapy of CAD.

The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, coformer, and molecular arrangement on the solubility behavior of myricetin cocrystals

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are a promising technology that can be used to improve the solubility of poor aqueous compounds. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the solubility of myricetin (MYR) cocrystals, including their kinetic solubility, thermodynamic solubility, and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR). The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, and coformers on the cocrystal solubility were evaluated. Furthermore, single crystal structures of MYR, myricetin-isonicotinamide (MYR-INM) and myricetin-caffeine (MYR-CAF) cocrystals were analyzed to discuss the possible reasons for the enhancement of cocrystal solubility from the perspective of the spatial structure. The results indicated that the kinetic solubility of MYR cocrystals was modulated by pH and cocrystal coformer (CCF) ionization in buffer solution, while it primarily depended on the CCF solubility in pure water. In addition, the solubility of MYR cocrystals was increased in a concentration dependent fashion by the surfactant or ion concentration. The thermodynamic solubility of MYR-INM (1:3) cocrystals decreased with the increases of the pH value of the dissolution media. The IDR of MYR cocrystals was faster than that of MYR in the same medium and extremely fast in pH 4.5 buffer. The improved solubility of MYR cocrystals was probably related to the alternate arrangements of MYR and INM/CAF molecules and increased intermolecular distance. The present study provides some references to investigate the solubility behavior of pharmaceutical cocrystals.

Arterial relaxation is coupled to inhibition of mitochondrial fission in arterial smooth muscle cells: comparison of vasorelaxant effects of verapamil and phentolamine

Mitochondria are morphologically dynamic organelles which undergo fission and fusion processes. Our previous study found that arterial constriction was always accompanied by increased mitochondrial fission in smooth muscle cells, whereas inhibition of mitochondrial fission in smooth muscle cells was associated with arterial relaxation. Here, we used the typical vasorelaxants, verapamil and phentolamine, to further confirm the coupling between arterial constriction and mitochondrial fission in rat aorta. Results showed that phentolamine but not verapamil induced vasorelaxation in phenylephrine (PE)-induced rat thoracic aorta constriction. Verapamil, but not phentolamine, induced vasorelaxation in high K(KPSS)-induced rat thoracic aorta constriction. Pre-treatment with phentolamine prevented PE- but not KPSS-induced aorta constriction and pre-treatment with verapamil prevented both PE- and KPSS-induced aorta constriction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that verapamil but not phentolamine inhibited KPSS-induced excessive mitochondrial fission in aortic smooth muscle cells, and verapamil prevented both PE- and KPSS-induced excessive mitochondrial fission in aortic smooth muscle cells. Verapamil inhibited KPSS-induced excessive mitochondrial fission in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (A10). These results further demonstrate that arterial relaxation is coupled to inhibition of mitochondrial fission in arterial smooth muscle cells.

Mitochondrial uncoupler triclosan induces vasorelaxation of rat arteries

Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers induced vasodilation. Triclosan, the broad spectrum antibacterial agent, is the active ingredient in soaps and toothpastes. It was reported that triclosan induced mitochondrial uncoupling, so we aim to investigate the effects of triclosan on vascular function of rat mesenteric arteries and aorta. The isometric tension of rat mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was recorded by multi-wire myograph system. The cytosolic [Ca], mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential of smooth muscle cells (A10 cells) were measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Triclosan treatment relaxed phenylephrine (PE)- and high K(KPSS)-induced constriction, and pre-treatment with triclosan inhibited PE- and KPSS-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. In rat thoracic aorta, triclosan also relaxed PE- and KPSS-induced constriction. Triclosan induces vasorelaxation without involving Kchannel activation in smooth muscle cells of arteries. Triclosan treatment increased cytosolic [Ca], mitochondrial ROS production and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in A10 cells. In conclusion, triclosan induces mitochondrial uncoupling in vascular smooth muscle cells and relaxes the constricted rat mesenteric arteries and aorta of rats. The present results suggest that triclosan would indicate vasodilation effect if absorbed excessively.

An Analysis of Auditory Brainstem Response in Autistic Children of 6 Years or Younger / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of auditory brainstem response (ABR) in autistic children of 6 years or younger .Methods A total of 98 children with normal hearing and 22 autistic children were en‐rolled in this study .They were divided into 3 groups :1~2 years age group ,20 .05) .In 80 dB nHL click sound stimulus ,there was also no statistical difference in the values of peak latencies or interpeak intervals of ABR between normal hearing children and autistic children (P> 0 .05) ,whereas ,prolongation of peak latencies or interpeak intervals of ABR occurred in 36 .36%(25 .00% ears) autistic children .The ratio of prolongation of peak latencies of I ,III ,V waves and interpeak inter‐vals of I-III ,III-V ,I-V occurred in 4 .54% ,6 .82% ,13 .64% ,18 .18% ,6 .83% and 15 .91% ,respectively . Conclusion The ABR in some autistic children present abnormality and occur in various forms with the prolongation of interpeak intervals of I -III as the most common .

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts by 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay / 分析化学

The free radical scavenging effect of flaxseed was screened by HPLC-DPPH ( 2 , 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-high performance liquid chromatography assay ) and colorimetric DPPH methods. To test the effectiveness of the approach, three Lignans ( secoisolariciresinol diglucoside ( SDG ) , secoisolariciresinol ( SECO) and enterodiol( ED) ) with antioxidative properties were investigated both in monomer and mixture. HPLC conditions were optimized using following methods: Waters XBridge C18 was used as stationary phase, acetonil/H2 O was used as mobile phase and detective wavelength was set at 280 nm. Antioxidant activity of standards was investigated by reaction with or without DPPH radical for 20 min as sample and control, respectively. Both of them were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. According to the changes of amount of sample and control, the antioxidant activities of standards were calculated as following order:SDG>SECO>ED. Based on above DPPH-HPLC assay and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, antioxidants extracted from flaxseed were separated, identified and screened. The radical scavenging activities were in the following order:SDG isomer (5)>SDG (4)>7α-[(β-D-glupyranosyl) oxy]-1-methoxyisolariciresinol (1)>(6R,7R, 8S)-1-methoxyisolariciresinol (2)>herbacetindiglucoside (3). It indicated that the HPLC-DPPH assay could be successfully used for the antioxidant activity screening of complex flaxseed extract.

Screening of genetic markers based on human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility loci in a Cynomolgus T2DM model / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) as a common disease around the world becomes a great threat to the health of human beings.The cynomolgus T2DM model, which preferably simulates human T2DM onset and progress, can be beneficial to the drug development and clinical treatment.In the present study, 37 of T2DM-susceptibility SNPs and the extended genome sequences were used to obtain corresponding SNPs in the T2DM cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Firstly, DNA pool screening was conducted.Then, using polymerase chain reaction to amplify and to sequence the cynomolgus homologous sequences.Using DNAStar software to analyze the differences between bases.Finally, we used analysis of variance and F test to calculate the frequency of alleles.We also used the GLM models of SAS software to analyze the association of genotype with fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin.Results SNP661A,SNP661B, SNP343A, SNP343B, SNP343C, SNP565A, SNP565B and SNP565C were found to have a significant difference of allele frequencies between spontaneous cases and controls.Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that SNP661A, SNP661B, SNP343A, SNP343B and SNP343C may play an important role in the establishment of cynomolgus T2DM models.

Diagnostic value of virtual touch tissue quantification in discriminating the small breast lesions / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To evaluate the application value of virtual touch tissue quantification(VTQ) in the differential diagnosis of small breast lesions.Methods Fifty-six patients with sixty-nine small breast lesions whose largest diameter were less than or equal to 1 cm were evaluated with VTQ.The shear wave velocity (SWV) of the lesions and normal breast tissue were measured to analyze the diversity of different pathological types lesions of SWV and to find the optimal cut-off points using ROC curve to predict small breast cancer.Resuits The mean SWV(Vm) and the ratio (mean of lesions and normal tissue) of SWV (Vm1/Vm2) in benign group was (2.93 ± 1.32)m/s,1.79 ± 0.63,respectively,and that in malignant group was (5.65 ± 2.63) m/s,3.61 ± 1.35,respectively,there were statistically significant differences between benign group and malignant group (t test,P ＜0.05).The cut-off point of Vm was determined as 4.43 m/ s,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of diagnosing breast cancer were 80.5％,89.3％,92.8％,respectively.The cut-off point of Vm1/Vm2 was determined as 2.37,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of diagnosing breast cancer were 76.9％,81.2％,89.9％,respectively.Conclusions VTQ technique can provide helpful information in the differential diagnosis of small breast lesions.

Initial clinical study of virtual touch tissue quantification on Hashimoto's thyroiditis / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical application value of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) technique in Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT).Methods Fifty-three patients with HT and 46 health subjects were examed by conventional ultrasonography and VTQ, their shear were velocity (Vs) was measured.A receiver-operating characteristie(ROC) curve was drew according to Vs which can obtain the value of optimal operating point for diagnosing HT.Results The 2D ultrasonic appearance of 53 cases HT were classified into five species, but there was no significant difference in the Vs (F = 0.424, P = 0.790).The area under the ROC curve was 0.976,which showed a high statistical significances(P = 0.000).ROC curve displayed that Vs of 2.53 m/s could be used to diagnose HT,the sensitivity and specificity were 87％and 100％ ,respectively.Fifty-three patients with HT were classified into three groups according to thyroid function, 10 patients with hyperthyroidism, 25 patients with hypothyroidism and 18 patients with euthyroidism.The Vs of HT among the three groups were no significant difference(P = 0.884), but their Vs were all obviously higher than that of normal thyroid Vs(P = 0.000).Conclusions VTQ technique can evaluate the hardness of thyroid and has some help for differential diagnosis of HT.

Comparison of ultrasound and PET/CT in detecting lymphomatous lymph nodes after chemotherapy / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To observe ultrasonic and PET/CT features of malignant lymphoma after chemotherapy and to determine the value in assessment of lymphoma treatment response.Methods Seventy-seven lymph nodes in 32 patients were observed and measured with color Doppler ultrasound and PET/CT after chemotherapy comparing with pathologic results.Results Seventy-two lymph nodes were exactly certified by ultrasound(94.8%),and seventy-five nodes were exactly confirmed by PET/CT(97.4%).There were significant differences in L/S,blood supply type,Vmax,Vmin,RI(P＜0.05)between nodes groups with and without residual tumor.The PET/CT inspection demonstrates that lymph nodes with residual tumor was in the high metabolism condition.The positive nodes'index of ultrasound were connected with their metabolism condition.Conclusions The two methods all have high rate of accuracy.Ultrasound can be used as normal method in assessment of lymphoma treatment response.

Three-dimension reconstruction of brain by Visualization Toolkit / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo implement two typical algorithms, Marching Cubes and Ray-casting, of medical image 3-D visualization using Visualization Toolkit (VTK) with VC++.MethodsSkull and scarfskin of brain were reconstructed based on CT data. Results and ConclusionVTK is a powerful tool with many advantages, such as easy to use, fast, good interaction ability, good results for image reconstruction and so on.

Relation between dissection structure of umbilical cord artery, blood flow indices and fetus′ growth / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To study the relation between the dissection structure of umbilical cord artery and blood flow indices and fetus′ growth. Methods By color Doppler ultrasound, the diameter of umbilical cord and umbilical artery and umbilical vein was measured to compute surface area. The umbilical cord was divided into three parts: placenta affixing part, floating part and umbilical surrounding part.Their blood flow indices were measured and compared. Results Umbilical cord′s diameter in 21-40 weeks′ gestation was ( 1.25 ? 0.21 ) to ( 1.50 ? 0.18 )cm, surface area was ( 1.26 ? 0.13 ) to ( 1.83 ? 0.47 )cm 2.Umbilical artery′s diameter was ( 0.28 ? 0.06 ) to ( 0.40 ? 0.09 )cm, its surface area was ( 0.06 ? 0.03 ) to ( 0.14 ? 0.06 )cm 2.Umbilical vein′s diameter was ( 0.54 ? 0.11 ) to ( 0.79 ? 0.11 )cm, its surface area was ( 0.25 ? 0.02 ) to ( 0.49 ? 0.15 )cm 2. Before 25 weeks′ gestation, the blood flow indices of umbilical artey of placenta affixing part were lower than those of other two parts(P 0.05 ).Conclusions The diameter and surface area of umbilical and umbilical artery and umbilical vein were growing in pace with gestation, biparietal diameter,frontoccipital diameter, and heand circumference of the fetus,the blood flow indices of umbilical artery goes down continuously.The blood flow indices of umbilical artery of placenta affixing part reflect the fetus′ growth.