RESUMO
Background: Smoking is one of the leading causes of disease and death in the world. There is a growing trend of smoking in Iran, especially among youth and women. This study has been conducted to identify the factors related to smoking and solutions that can lead to its control in Tehran
Methods: This study was conducted qualitatively from August 2015 to August 2016 in Tehran. The data collection tool included cognitive interviews and deep, semi-structured interviews. The participants consisted of 7 men and 5 women who smoked cigarettes; they were selected through purposive sampling with maximum diversity and snowball technique which continued until data saturation. The data was analyzed through qualitative conventional content analysis
Results: Two main classes with 15 subclasses were extracted from the participants' responses. The causes of smoking and the solutions for its control are evaluated along these two classes. The subclasses include factors like being accustomed to smoking, considering smoking as a normal behavior, easy access to cigarettes, recreation and entertainment; lack of recreational facilities, way of relaxing, increasing the price of cigarettes, the importance of making cigarettes scarce, and cultural and individual volition
Conclusion: Being accustomed to smoking and considering it as an entertainment are the most important causes of smoking, and the importance of creating an anti-smoking culture and individual volition have been introduced as the most important solutions for controlling smoking in Tehran. Furthermore, it seems that reducing the public access to cigarette through various ways such as increasing the price, reducing the imports, the decline in production and supply, as well as creating a culture against smoking can reduce the amount of smoking considerably
RESUMO
Backgrounds: Low values of neonates' anthropometric indices are considered as an important factor in increased neonatal mortality. This research tried to examine the relationship between early pregnancy blood lead levels of pregnant women and their neonates' anthropometric indices at birth.
Materials and Methods: This longitudinal prospective study was carried out on 1033 pregnant women referred to prenatal clinics in Tehran. Upon entry into the study, a blood sample was taken to determine lead levels, and a demographic questionnaire was filled out for all participants and they were followed up with routine prenatal care till delivery. Anthropometric indices were extracted from the neonatal cards. In statistical analysis, pvalues< 0.05 were considered significant.
Results: The mean blood lead levels in mothers were 4.7 +/- 4.9 MICRO SIGNg/dl. Considering the results obtained by Spearman's correlation, there was a significant negative relationship between blood lead levels of mothers and 5-minute Apgar scores [p=0.002, r=0.09]. However, no significant relationship between blood lead levels and other indices was found. To evaluate the true effects of maternal blood lead levels and potentially effective factors on anthropometric indices, in linear regression analysis, only gestational age at delivery had a significant relationship with all anthropometric indices and 5-minute Apgar score of neonates [p<0.01].
Conclusion: The results showed that early pregnancy maternal blood lead levels were not related to anthropometric indices at birth, and the only important factor for improvement of neonates' anthropometric indices, was higher gestational age at the time of delivery.
RESUMO
The chronic diseases such as urinary incontinence could seriously affect health and consequently quality of life of women. The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of life in the patients who recently diagnosed with mixed urinary incontinence and candidate for surgical or medical treatment. This research was a semi experimental and interventional study aim to determine and compare quality of life in newly diagnosed mixed urinary incontinence patients were selected urology clinics of educational universities of medical science in Tehran. Patients selected by simple sampling method in two groups [50 in surgical treatment group and 50 in medical treatment group] and based on aim. Data was collected by three questionnaires including demographic data, diseases and treatment characteristics and questions about generic [SF-36] and specific [I-QOL] aspects of quality of life. Health related quality of life status measured through interview before intervention, 3, and 6 month after treatment. The SPSS-13 program was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as absolute, relative and average ranking sufficiency and also deductive statistics such as chi[2], paired t test, and Mann Whitney and repeated measurement analysis, used as well. Quality of life in all aspects was not statistically significant different before treatment in both groups with I-QOL and SF-36 scores. [P<0.05] .There were significant improvements in 3[th] and 6[th] month I-QOL and SF[36] scores [except for bodily pain] [P<0.001] after treatment for both methods [medical and surgical]. There were no statistically significant differences between two therapy methods after 3 and 6 month scores respectively [P=0.3, P=0.7]. The Findings showed that treatment [regardless of type of therapy] significantly improves the quality of life of the patients suffering from mixed urinary incontinence. Therefore, it seems levelheaded to consider medical treatment as the first treatment choice. This would reduce unwanted consequences resulting from hospitalization, as well as expenses