Sonar guided focused parathyroidectomy under cervical block

Introduction: Presentation of hyperparathyroidism varies and is highly non-specific.The automated calcium analyzer has made the diagnosis easy. Similarly, the advent of Sestamibi scan has paved the way to minimally invasive parathyroidectomy indicated for parathyroid adenoma. There is no uniformity in the extent of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy that is done through limited incision under radio or sonar guidance and endoscopically. In this study, we are presenting the focused parathyroidectomy performed under sonar guidance and superficial cervical block (SCB). The prerequisite is concordant preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound imaging.Objective: To reflect on the result of sonar-guided focused parathyroidectomy under SCB.Method: A two-year review of parathyroidectomies performed between January 2013 and December 2014.Result: There was good correlation between the pre-operative imaging, the intra-operative findings and the postoperative histology result of the 15 cases analysed. Conclusion: The focused parathyroidectomy under SCB yielded a good result with concordant preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound findings

Effect of plasma surface treatment of poly(dimethylsiloxane) on the permeation of pharmaceutical compounds / 药物分析学报

This paper addresses the modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane), i.e. PDMS, using plasma surface treatment and a novel application of the membrane created. A set of model compounds were analysed to determine their permeation through PDMS, both with and without plasma treatment. It was found that plasma treatment reduced permeation for the majority of compounds but had little effect on some compounds, such as caffeine, with results indicating that polarity plays an important role in permeation, as is seen in human skin. Most importantly, a direct correlation was observed between plasma-modified permeation data and literature data through calculation of membrane permeability (Kp) values suggesting plasma-modified silicone membrane (PMSM) could be considered as a suitable in vivo replacement to predict clinical skin permeation.

Effect of plasma surface treatment of poly(dimethylsiloxane) on the permeation of pharmaceutical compounds / 药物分析学报

This paper addresses the modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane), i.e. PDMS, using plasma surface treatment and a novel application of the membrane created. A set of model compounds were analysed to determine their permeation through PDMS, both with and without plasma treatment. It was found that plasma treatment reduced permeation for the majority of compounds but had little effect on some compounds, such as caffeine, with results indicating that polarity plays an important role in permeation, as is seen in human skin. Most importantly, a direct correlation was observed between plasma-modified permeation data and literature data through calculation of membrane permeability (Kp) values suggesting plasma-modified silicone membrane (PMSM) could be considered as a suitable in vivo replacement to predict clinical skin permeation.

Monitoring real time polymorphic transformation of sulfanilamide by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy$ / 药物分析学报

This study investigated the development of a novel approach to surface characterization of drug poly-morphism and the extension of the capabilities of this method to perform ‘real time’ in situ measure-ments. This was achieved using diffuse reflectance visible (DRV) spectroscopy and dye deposition, using the pH sensitive dye, thymol blue (TB). Two polymorphs, SFN-β and SFN-γ, of the drug substance sul-fanilamide (SFN) were examined. The interaction of adsorbed dye with polymorphs showed different behavior, and thus reported different DRV spectra. Consideration of the acid/base properties of the morphological forms of the drug molecule provided a rationalization of the mechanism of differential coloration by indicator dyes. The kinetics of the polymorphic transformation of SFN polymorphs was monitored using treatment with TB dye and DRV spectroscopy. The thermally-induced transformation fitted a first-order solid-state kinetic model (R2 ? 0.992), giving a rate constant of 2.43 ? 10 ? 2 s ? 1.

Photo-Voice as a Tool for Analysis and Activism in Response to HIV and AIDS Stigmatisation in a Rural KwaZulu-Natal School

Objective: This paper focuses on the use of participatory approaches to research and intervention and explores the uses of photo-voice as a methodology and a means of promoting childhood and youth activism in the context of HIV and AIDS.Method: Photo-voice; a visual participatory methodology; was used with 21 Grade 8 and 9 learners in one of three schools participating in a larger project; to identify; understand and interpret incidents related to stigma and discrimination against people living with and affected by HIV and AIDS; as well as the strategies proposed by the learners to possibly reduce stigma. Results: Three themes emerged: awareness of HIV and AIDS; awareness of HIV-related stigma and its impacts; and acceptance of personal agency and taking action. Conclusions: Understandings of and perceptions about HIV and AIDS are improving; yet significant pockets of ignorance about the dynamics of HIV infection still remain among the youth. Negative attitudes towards people infected with and affected by the virus remain; and stigmatisation continues. The use of photo-voice and other participatory methodologies offers alternative strategies for involving youth in their own knowledge production; as well as in the development of an individual sense of agency for taking action

Photo-Voice as a Tool for Analysis and Activism in Response to HIV and AIDS Stigmatisation in a Rural KwaZulu-Natal School

Objective:This paper focuses on the use of participatory approaches to research and intervention and explores the uses of photo-voice as a methodology and a means of promoting childhood and youth activism in the context of HIV and AIDS.Method: Photo-voice; a visual participatory methodology; was used with 21 Grade 8 and 9 learners in one of three schools participating in a larger project; to identify; understand and interpret incidents related to stigma and discrimination against people living with and affected by HIV and AIDS; as well as the strategies proposed by the learners to possibly reduce stigma. Results: Three themes emerged: awareness of HIV and AIDS; awareness of HIV-related stigma and its impacts; and acceptance of personal agency and taking action. Conclusions: Understandings of and perceptions about HIV and AIDS are improving; yet significant pockets of ignorance about the dynamics of HIV infection still remain among the youth. Negative attitudes towards people infected with and affected by the virus remain; and stigmatisation continues. The use of photo-voice and other participatory methodologies offers alternative strategies for involving youth in their own knowledge production; as well as in the development of an individual sense of agency for taking action

Photo-voice as a tool for analysis and activism in response to HIV and AIDS stigmatisation in a rural KwaZulu-Natal school

Objective: This paper focuses on the use of participatory approaches to research and intervention and explores the uses of photo-voice as a methodology and a means of promoting childhood and youth activism in the context of HIV and AIDS. Method: Photo-voice; a visual participatory methodology; was used with 21 Grade 8 and 9 learners in one of three schools participating in a larger project; to identify; understand and interpret incidents related to stigma and discrimination against people living with and affected by HIV and AIDS; as well as the strategies proposed by the learners to possibly reduce stigma. Results: Three themes emerged: awareness of HIV and AIDS; awareness of HIV-related stigma and its impacts; and acceptance of personal agency and taking action. Conclusions: Understandings of and perceptions about HIV and AIDS are improving; yet significant pockets of ignorance about the dynamics of HIV infection still remain among the youth. Negative attitudes towards people infected with and affected by the virus remain; and stigmatisation continues. The use of photo-voice and other participatory methodologies offers alternative strategies for involving youth in their own knowledge production; as well as in the development of an individual sense of agency for taking action

Identification of Anopheles aquasalis as a possible vector of malaria in Guyana, South America

Adult female mosquitoes were collected in Mahdia, Guyana, to determine the incidence of malaria in Anopheles species found during the month of June 2000. Centers for Disease Control miniature white (incandescent) light traps, model 512, and miniature black (ultraviolet) light traps, model 912, were used to capture female mosquitoes. Numbers of mosquitoes collected were compared between white and black light traps and between traps set outside and inside of buildings. Adult female Anopheles mosquitoes were identified and an ELISA dipstick test for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum was performed on each mosquito. An aquasalis, An oswaldoi, and An braziliensis were attracted to white light traps. An triannulatus and An darlingi were collected from black light traps. Approximately the same numbers of all female Anopheles mosquitoes 28/45 (62) were caught inside buildings as outside. Numbers of female non-anopheles mosquitoes captured in light traps varied between the traps set outside of buildings and inside of buildings with bright light traps collecting 91/122 (75). A total of 45 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured and 122 non-anopheles species. Of the two known vectors of malaria in Guyana, An darlingi mosquitoes were not infected with P vivax but An aquasalis was found to be a carrier. The findings of this study suggest a need for further surveying and identification of current malaria vectors in Guyana.

Localized Eastern equine encephalitis in Santiago del Estero province, Argentina, without human infection

Se documenta una epizootia de encefalitis equina del este (EEE) localizada en una zona irrigada de cuatro departamentos de la Privincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina, en 1981. La incidencia de casos equinos fue estimada en 17% con una tasa de casos fatales del 61% y una relación de infección inaparente: aparente de < ou = 2,9:1. El diagnóstico para el virus EEE fue confirmado por pruebas serológicas y no se encontró evidencia de casos por virus de las encefalitis del oeste o Venezuela. Esta es la primera epizootia circunscripta a una pequeña área geográfica que se ha definido en Argentina y la primera en que el virus EEE se ha encontrado como único arbovirus etiológico. Su reconocimiento brindo la posibilidad de buscar la infección humana, pero no se encontró clara evidencia de enfermedad o infección. Esto se atribuyó a la baja densidad de población humana rural, aunque no se descartaron otros factores ecológicos. La serología en otros animales no permitió determinar los huéspedes vertebrados y no se estudiaron los vectores por lo cual el ciclo de transmisión continúa desconocido, impidiendo especular sobre el riesgo potencial del virus EEE para el hombre en Argentina

Encefalitis equina del este en la Republica Dominicana, 1978. / Eastern equine encephalitis in Dominican Republic, 1978

En 1978, se presento en la Republica Dominicana un brote epizootico de EEE de proporciones aparentemente considerables. Este articulo describe las medidas tomadas para investigarlo y combatirlo