Antimicrobial susceptibility profile, Adherence and invasion to mammalian cells of Brucella melitensis isolates

Susceptibilities of 66 Brucella isolates were tested in vitro. All isolates were susceptible to doxycycline, gentamic in and streptomycin. In addition, propyl paraben, cresol and benzalkoniumchloride were found to be the most powerful tested preservative, disinfectant and antiseptic, respectively. All isolates adhered to and invaded into Vero cells by variable degrees. Adherence and invasion of most isolates were significantly reduced by: [1] pretreatment of test isolates with trypsin and sodium metaperiodate; [2] pretreatment of Vero cells with lipase, neuraminidase and sodium metaperiodate; [3] presence of Ca++, Mg++ and 200mM mannose in the assay medium and [4] growth of test isolates in half MICs of different antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, pretreatment of Vero cells with trypsin increased the adherence and invasion of most test isolates. No significant change in adhesion and invasion by changing the temperature from 27degree C to 42 degree Cor the pH from 6 to 8. Log phase cultures showed higher adherence and invasion than stationary phase cultures

Evaluation of bioequivalence of two enrofloxacin formulations after intramuscular administration in goats / 대한수의학회지

The present study was planned to evaluate the bioequivalence of two commercial formulations of enrofloxacin, which have been marketed as 10% injectable solution after intramuscular administration at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 12 clinically healthy goats The study was carried out on the basis of crossover design. The two formulations were: Baytril as a reference product and Spectrama Vet as a test product. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The pharmacokinetics of that data was performed using non-compartmental analysis. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak concentration (Tmax), area under concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life (t0.5el) were 1.14 and 1.05 microg/mL, 0.79 and 0.83 h, 5.70 and 5.79 microg.h/mL, 5.19 and 5.39 h for Baytril and Spectrama Vet, respectively. The 90% confidence interval for the mean ratio of Tmax, Cmax and AUC were 94.72~116.2, 87.88~97.16 and 86.44~118.72%, respectively. These values falls within the European Medicines Agency bioequivalence acceptance range of 80~125% for both Tmax and AUC and between 75~133% for Cmax. In conclusion, Spectrama-Vet is bioequivalent to Baytril and both products can be used as interchangeable drug in veterinary medicine practice.

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus in Egyptian pediatric patients suffering from pneumonia

Background and study aim: Respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] is one of the major causes of viral respiratory tract disease in young children and infants. In children less than one year-old, it was the principal cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia and, a common cause of hospitalization in young children. We aim to study the prevalence of RSV and its subtypes in pediatric patients suffering from pneumonia and broncho-pneumonia with the evaluation of routinely used method for diagnosis

Patients and Method: This study included 68 patients, attended the pediatric hospital, faculty of medicine-Cairo University at the period between 2007-2008, who exhibited lower respiratory tract symptoms in the form of pneumonia and bronchopneumonia. They were subjected to clinical examination, chest X-ray examination. Nasopharyngeal aspirate [NPA] samples were taken and sent to National Cancer Institute for microbiological, virological and molecular examinations

Results: High prevalence of RSV 85% [58/68] was detected, of these, 21% [12/58] were group A, 36% [21/58] were group B, and 43% [25/58] were subtype A and B. Highly affected children were from 2-3 months [44.8%] and rate of infection decreased as age increasing. RSV infection was statistically significant with some clinical findings and radiological findings

Conclusion: RSV is an important etiological agent causing pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in infancy. RT-PCR for NPA was a good method in detecting virus and may provide important information in establishing the etiology and improving management of the patients

Effects of postnatal exposure to static magnetic field on the development of the cerebellar granule cells

Many studies were performed to evaluate the effects of static magnetic fields [SMFs] on the processes of proliferation and migration of cerebellar cells to their final postnatal destinations. Granule cells are the most abundant interneurons in the cerebellum. Progenitors of these neurons actively proliferate during the first 2 postnatal weeks in external granular layer [EGL]. The granule cells in the EGL migrate inwards to form the internal granular layer [IGL], and the EGL disappears. So the postnatal development of the cerebellum depends on their postnatal proliferation and migration which is vulnerable to any micro-environmental insult. to evaluated the light and electron microscopic changes occurred to the cerebellar granule cells of the pups after postnatal exposure to SMF [20 mT]. Postnatal exposure to SMFs showed that there was a significant thinning in the EGL at the beginning of the study at postnatal thy 4, this significant decrease in thickness progressed in the first week. At two weeks when normally the EGL starts to disappear, it showed persistent increase in its thickness indicating delayed migration. At all ages of exposed group [P], EGL contained many apoptotic cells and some degenerated cells. IGL showed significant decrease in its cellular density till the postnatal day 15 concomitant with the period of delayed migration in the EGL. At the postnatal days 22, the cells in IGL began to regain its near normal cellular density but the IGL showed disarrangement of its crowded granule cells with absence of appearance of regular glomeruli among them with appearance of some degenerated cells among the granule cells. Many cells of the IGL also showed areas of cytoplasmic vacuolation. Postnatal exposure to SMFs produces some delay in the development and appearance of more apoptotic cells. But some of these changes in different stages of the postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex began to be less apparent with advancement of age

Effects of prenatal exposure to static magnetic field on the development of the cerebellar purkinje cells

Many studies were performed to evaluate the effects of static magnetic fields [SMFs] on the processes of proliferation and migration of cerebellar cells to their final postnatal destinations. Purkinje cell [PC] as one of the most critical station for all afferent input to the cerebellum as well as the major output from the cerebellum either direct or indirect through the other cerebellar neurons and development of Purkinje cells depends on their postnatal migration which is vulnerable to any micro-environmental insult. To evaluate the light and electron microscopic changes occurred to the cerebellar PCs of the pups after prenatal exposure to SMF [20 mT]. Prenatal exposure showed a significant decrease in the number of PCs as compared with that number in the control group throughout the time of study with appearance of some pathological changes at the cellular level obvious from the postnatal day 4 till the end of the study, as there were many apoptotic cells, few cells degenerated with astrocytosis near the Purkinje cells with large cytoplasmic vacuoles inside the cells and many cells became atrophied cells. The prenatal exposure to static magnetic field led to decrease ability of the proliferation, delay in the development and appearance of some degenerative changes in different stages of the postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex and these changes persisted till the adult life

Evaluation of polysaccharide extracted from Spirulina sp as hepatoprotective agent against malignant cells

The aim of this investigation was insight the potential health effects of Spirulina and its extracts, especially its effect on the treatment of cancer. The anticarcinoma effect induced by polysaccharide was evaluated in vitro using Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells [EACC] and Hepatic cell line phase G2 [HEPG2]. LC50 for both were 6.1 and 8.93 microg/ml respectively. And in vivo, Polysaccharide exhibited more potent antiproliferation activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cell [EACC] through intraperitoneal injection of five groups of female mice.The 1st group serves as control, the 2[nd] group injected one time by EACC at dose 5xl0[6] cells/body weight, the 3[rd] group injected with polysaccharide three times at dose [50 mg/body weight crude extract] which is equivalent to 6.1 microg/ml for each injection. The 4[th] group was injected firstly by EACC at dose 5xl06 cells/body weight and then polysaccharide was injected three times 2 days apart at dose [50 mg/body weight crude extract] for each injection. The 5[th] group was injected three times with polysaccharide then with EACC one time at the same dose. All animals were sacrificed after 10 days. Biochemical and histopathological. Our study revealed that in both groups of either injection of mice with polysaccharide before and after EACC, the activities of both ALT and AST were normalized. Moreover the dramatic effects on WBCs, RBCs, and Hb were improved, indicating that polysaccharide is hepatoprotectant through the inhibition of the proliferation of EACC. This was confirmed with histopathological investigation which revealed that, most of hepatocytes of female mice injected with polysaccharide three times, then injected with EACC appeared intact with wide central vein. The blood sinusoids between hepatic cords revealed many phagocytic Von Kupffer cells. Many hepatocytes showed division and other appeared normal

Hepatitis B virus [HBV] genotypes in Egyptian pediatric cancer patients with acute and chronic active HBV infection

Background: There are eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus [A-H] and subgenotypes are recognized. Genotyping can be accomplished based on a partial sequence of HBV genome such as the pre-S or S gene. Several methods have been developed and used for HBV genotyping. This study was undertaken to determine the HBV genotypes in Egyptian pediatric cancer patients with acute and chronic liver disease

Methods: HBV genotypes were determined in 22 patients who had acute forms of liver disease [AH] and in 48 patients with chronic active hepatitis [CAH]. A type-specific primer based on the nested-PCR method was employed in the HBV genotyping

Results: This study showed that HBV infections in pediatric cancer patients are attributed predominantly to viral genotypes D and B that constituted 37.1% and 25.7%, respectively of the total infections. In addition, there was a relatively high prevalence of mixed infections of 15.7% among the studied group especially mixed A/D genotype infections. Genotype D was found significantly more often in patients with CAH than in patients with AH [P<0.05]

Conclusion: These findings show the distribution of HBV A-D genotypes in pediatric cancer Egyptian patients. Furthermore, our results indicate a markedly high prevalence of mixed A/D genotype infections in subjects with CAH and a possible association of mixed infections with the severity of liver diseases

Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Kuwaiti diabetics

To estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a population attending a diabetic clinic in Kuwait and to evaluate the medical risk factors associated with its development and progression. Fundi of 451 type 2 diabetic patients were examined by fundus photography. Retinopathy was graded according to EURODIAB IDDM complication study. Files were reviewed for clinical and social information about the patients. SPSS version 9 was used for analysis of the findings. The overall prevalence of retinopathy was 23.5%, mild retinopathy constituting 11.3%, moderatesevere retinopathy 11.08% and proliferative retinopathy 1.12%. Insulin treatment, duration of diabetes, age at examination, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride and microalbumin were found to be significantly related to the development and the progression of retinopathy. Caring for diabetic patients should include screening for risk factors associated with retinopathy and controlling them to delay or prevent the development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy

Application of new laparoscopic biliary injury classification

The development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the most important event in general surgery in the last 30 years. Bile duct injury is the Achilles heel and the most common serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A leading objective in laparoscopic hepatobiliary surgery is to reduce the incidence of these morbid and costly injuries to an absolute minimum as possible. Avoidance of misidentification of ducts is by adhering to the principle of conclusive identification that the cystic duct and artery are the only structures in the porta hepatis that need to be divided and clipped. Focus on aberrant anatomy and a new laparoscopic bile ducts injury classification for the differences and applicability discussed, also avoidance of duct injuries. The aim of the Work A message from this work is not how to treat laparoscopic biliary injuries but how to prevent them to allow the laparoscopic surgery to maintain its true position as a major advance in the treatment of cholelithiasis

Mammary duct microendoscopy [ladu scope] new diagnostic and therapeutic approach to nipple discharge and bleeding

Nipple discharge is a common breast complaint and important clinical problem. Because most nipple discharge is a result of benign processes, nonsurgical diagnostic and therapeutic modalities were explored to reduce the need for "blind" surgical intervention. In 23[rd] June 2003, the first LADU scope procedure in Egypt and Middle East was performed by the author during the 2[nd] International Congress of Egyptian Group of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons [EGLES. Twenty females complaining of abnormal nipple discharge or bleeding were included in this study. Preoperative clinical, imaging and cytological examinations were revised to exclude malignancy. This work is a preliminary experience of the mammary duct micro- scope [LADU scope] in direct visualization and localization of small intraductal lesions and the therapeutic value. The scope was designed and produced by Mr. Hansgeorg Schaaf, a German Medical Engineer, info@polydiagnot.com

Removal of huge spleen: a surgical risk? its morbidity and mortality

Reports vary about whether risks are greater for removal of huge [>1500g] spleens than for smaller [<1500g] spleens. Splenectomy was performed on 196 patients presented with massive splenomegaly [n=83] and smaller splenomegaly [n=113]. Patients with huge spleens are no more likely to have postoperative complications [relative risk [RR] 2.2 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.5 to3.1; p=0.7] and death [RR, 4, 3; 95% Cl, 1.4 to 12.2; p=0.3]. When the investigation is restricted to comparable diagnoses [congestive splenomegaly], patients with huge spleens do not differ from those with smaller spleens regarding complications [RR 1.3; 95% Cl 0.9 to 2.8; p=0.2] and death [RR2.1; Cl 0.9 to 8.2; p=0.3]. Multivariate analysis accused age as a critical risk of complications and death. This series concluded that increased age and underlying illness are the predominant factors associated with morbidity and mortality following splenectomy for congestive and hematological massive splenomegally. Adjusting for age and diagnosis, spleen size is not a hazard

Repair of large paraesophageal hiatus hernia with polypropylene prosthesis

Posterior Cruroplasty repair of a large paraesophageal hiatus has a higher than desirable rate of recurrence attributable to the inexorable cyclic negative intrathoracic pressure of respiration and positive intrabdominal pressure produced by straining, physical exertion and coughing. To reduce the risk of recurrence, we have used posterior cruroplasty reinforced with an onlay polypropylene mesh prosthesis. Thirty consecutive patients with paraesophageal hiatus hernia had transabdominal posterior cruroplasty and onlay polypropylene mesh prosthesis applied to the crura and adjacent diaphragm to reinforce the hiatal defect with Nissen fundoplication to control associated reflux which was present in 80% of the patients. As regards to pre-and postoperative clinical manifestations, contrast radiography and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the results of the operation were excellent in 22 patients [73%], good in 6 patients [7%] Postoperative course was sound in most patients [23 from 30 patients]. After a period of follow up [from 18 to 48 months] there was neither cases of recurrence, nor complications related to the mesh. We conclude that mesh reinforcement of the esophageal hiatus hernia repair is effective, have a low clinical recurrence rate, and devoid of any complications related to the used polypropylene mesh. Concomitant antireflux procedure [we used Nissen fundoplication] is recommended in all operations for paraesophageal hiatus hernia especially if reflux can not be excluded before operation, or retroesophageal dissection is needed

DNA ploidy and expression of P53, cMyc in childhood leukemia's and their families

Chromosomal abnormalities in childhood leukemia have important biological, diagnostic and prognostic significance. The genes that are associated with the development of malignancy were categorized as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. P53 belongs to the category of tumor genes and is located on the short arm of chromosome 17 p13. It is a specific transcriptional activator of genes controlling GI checkpoint of the cell cycle and controls the expression of certain genes involved in the control of programmed cell death [Apoptosis]. cMyc gene is Juxtaposed with one of the immunoglobulin genes: heavy chain on 14[q32], kappa on 2[p12] or Iambda on 22[q11]. In pediatric ALL with translocation of ch.,8 [q24] onch., 14[q32] or ch22[q11], c-Myc expression is markedly deregulated by the highly active immunoglobulin locus. This leads to an increase in c-Myc max dimmers and transactivation of multiple cognate target genes, driving uncontrolled cellular proliferation. This study was designed to determine the DNA content [ploidy], expression P53 protein and c-Myc protein in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia as well as in their first degree relatives [parents and siblings] in order to detect the role of these proteins in the developing of leukemia and those at risk of developing leukemia This study was done on 20 infants and children [16 males and 4 females], their age ranged from 2 to 12 years. They were admitted to the Hematology Unit at Mansoura University Children Hospital where they were diagnosed as acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] and were taken at presentation before induction of treatment. Their first-degree relatives were also included in the study [20 fathers, 20 mothers and 44 siblings [23 brothers and 21 sisters]].Twenty healthy persons with negative family /history of cancers, their aye range from 4 to 30 years, were taken as control group. All the studied subjects were subjected to isolation of lymphocyte which staining and fixation within 24 hours from sampling where DNA analysis by flow cytometer was done. The results proved that 60 % of the cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were hyper diploid [DWA index >1.0] and 10 % were hypo diploid [DNA index [1.0]. All of their leukemic children were DNA aneuploid while 10 % of tile-studied parents had DNA aneuploid positive cells and 7% of the healthy siblings had DNA aneuploid positive cells. A high significant level of p53 protein in patients with ALL when compared with healthy controls [p<0.0001], a significant difference in between patients with ALL and their first -degree relative regarding P53 protein. Also a significant difference in between the first-degree relative and healthy controls regarding p53 [p=<0.0001]. The results of this study also showed significant difference in the level of expression of p53 protein among patients with DNA aneuploidy cells compared to those with DNA diploid patients. A significant difference in patients with ALL when compared with healthy controls, also were was significant difference in first degree relatives of leukemia patients versus to healthy controls regarding the level of c-Myc protein [p=<0.0001]. 80 % of parents and 77 % of siblings between the first-degree relative expressing high levels of cMyc protein

Conclusion: genetic alterations play an important role in the development of childhood leukemia particularly mutation of p53 tumor suppressor gene and cMyc gene where the level of expression of their related protein is high. Also change in the DNA content of the lymphoblast's of majority of the patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia appears to be constant feature. These changes not only present in cases with ALL but also in their first degree relatives suggesting that there is a vertical transmission of these genes in these families. First -degree relatives of leukemia patients particularly those with abnormal DNA and those expressing high level of p53 protein and cMyc protein are at high risk of developing cancers must be subjected for close follow up

Manegment of spontaneous intracerebellar haematomas

The term spontaneous intracerebellar hematomas means bleeding into cerebellar parenchyma without trauma. Cerebellar hemorrhage represents 10% of all spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage. Twenty patients with spontaneous intracerebellar hemorrhage were the material of this study to evaluate the outcome of both surgical and medical treatment modalities. Patient were divided into two groups according to the general condition of the patients and [the Hunt and Hess scale] and GCS for the level of consciousness, the first group contains five patients were treated conservatively, and the other fifteen patients were operated upon through a sub occipital craniectomy; and ventricular drainage. After resuscitation all cases were examined clinically after taking the history briefly, complete radiological investigations [CT brain scan MRI and MRA]. Evaluation of pathological causes, risk factors, clinical presentations, radiological findings, different management decisions and discussing factors affecting its outcome. Spontaneous intra cerebellar hemorrhage is a common neurosurgical emergency occurring with no much differences in both sexes; Uncontrolled systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking were the commonest risk factors. Altered consciousnesses, acute sever headache, cerebellar manifestations, brainstem, manifestations, and hemiplegia was the commonest clinical findings. Intraventricular hemorrhage extension, hydrocephalic changes and obliteration of the quadrigeminal cistern were poor prognostic signs. The early the detection and management the best the outcome is. In case of large and rapid progressive increase in size of the IC hematoma needs rapid emergent surgical evacuation, and CSF drainage [in case of hydrocephalic changes]. should be on emergency bases too. The factors influencing the neurosurgical outcome in cases of spontaneous intra cerebellar hemorrhage are: The age of the patient and his general condition on admission.The early suspect and detection to save time avoiding deterioration of consciousness and neurological status. The state of consciousness at time of presentation and preoperatively that the patients with GCS 8 had a worse outcome. *The radiological findings the larger sized hematoma, the hydrocephalic changes. and obliteration of the quadrigeminal cistern the worse the prognosis, and are indicators for rapid surgical evacuating of the hematoma, and /or ventricular drainage. The more stable clinical course the best the results is. Rapid deterioration of the conscious level show bad diagnosis

Trapeziectomy and flexor carpiradialis tendon interposition arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the first carpometacarpal joint

Aprospective study aimed at the evaluation of the outcome of complete excision of the trapezium, flexor carpi radialis tendon interposition arthroplasty and ligament reconstruction in treating symptomatic primary osteoarthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint. Forty-six hands in 38 patients [36 women and 2 men] were studied. The mean age was 57 years. The mean follow-up period was 42 months. Pre and post-operative subjective, objective and radiological evaluation were performed for all patients. All patients reported significant relief of pain. Subjective hand function improved in 43 cases [93.5%]. Mean key pinch and hand grip strength improved from 10.44 and 30.13 pond per square inch [PSI] pre-operatively to 11.37 and 32.05 PSI, respectively, at the end of the follow-up. Better thumb mobility has been achieved, with improved mean first web span from 47 to 63 degrees. The procedure accomplishes its objectives in treating symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis that failed to improve with conservative care

Comparative study between vascular clips and traditional suture closure in vascular anastomosis

One of the most challenging problems which takes a lot of research is to reduce the time of vascular clamping specially in some critical surgical situations e.g. carotid surgery. revascularization of the brain [superficial temporal- middle cerebral artery anastemosts] coronary bypass. organ transplantation. critically threatened loss organ or limb. A new type of vascular closure is clamed to solve this problem that is the use of vascular clips in vascular anastomosis. The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of this new method of vascular ariastomosis in comparison with the traditional suture method. Cephalo-radial end to side arterio-venous fistulae for hemodialysis were done by the use of two types of vascular closures, titanium clips and traditional sutures, ten patients from each group were randomly chosen. The suture line anastomosis in all the patients was 1.5 cm. Apart from the times of tissue dissection the times of vascular anastomosis were only calculated. Then we randomly chosed 10 patients from each group in whom their fistulae done 5 months later. Their fistulae were examined by duplex apparatus. We could conclude from this work that the time required for clip vascular anatomosis is considerably shorter than for anastmosis are nearly equal as regard the patency and degree of narrowing at the site of vascular anatomosis

Genetic counseling for prevention of recurrence of mental retardation

Genetic counselling was done for 422 mentally retarded children till now, aiming for the prevention of recurrence of mental retardation. For every case the following was done; [1] Clinical examination and mental evaluation, [2] Making a proper diagnosis by doing a battery of investigations, as required, [3] Construction of a pedigree, [4] Determining the recurrence risk by applying the principles of genetics to the pedigree, [5] Discussing the risk with the patient's family and [6] Taking decision for the way of prevention. The results were discussed in detail. Three important findings have been met with. The first is the high incidence of consanguinity especially first cousin marriages. Second is the reasonable percentage of probably autosomal recessive mental retardation. And third is the value of prenatal diagnosis