Effects of Vitamin D On Cisplatin Induced Heart and Lung Toxicity in Albino Rat

Background: While Cisplatin (CP) is a powerful DNA alkylating agent used to treat many malignancies, its clinical use is linked to a number of negative side effects. It has been proposed that vitamin D can shield biological systems against harm caused by CP. The current study’s objective was to look into how vitamin D protects the rat heart and lung against cisplatin-induced damage. Material and methods: Thirty adult male Albino rats; 180–220 g body weight were allocated into 3 groups; Group I (n=10) receiving saline, Group II (n=10); rats receiving CP (single dose of 6.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal) and Group III (n=10); receiving CP and 50 ng/kg/day alfacalcidol. Results: Alterations included a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the CP group compared with the other groups (p value for comparing between control and each other group, statistically significant at p < 0.05). Histopathologically, CP induced severe changes were observed. However, the CP-induced disturbances significantly improved by treatment with Vitamin D. Conclusion: According to this study, CP treatment significantly harmed rats’ hearts and lungs; however, treatment with vitamin D significantly lessened these harms.

Protective Role of Quercetin on Thioacetamide-Induced Renal Injury in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background: Thioacetamide (TAA) is a recognized industrial poisonous agent drastically used in animal studies for induction of hepatic necrosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. It is additionally reported to be nephrotoxic through induction of oxidative stress. Quercetin (QE) has a high antioxidant capacity via free radical scavenging, transition metal ion binding, and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Aim of the work: The goal of this research was to see if QE may help reduce the negative effects of thioacetamide on renal tissue by histological examination of the kidney. Material and methods: Twenty four adult male Albino rats 7–9 weeks old around 180–200g body weight were allocated into 3 groups; Group I (n=8) receiving distilled water, Group II (n=8); rats receiving TAA and Group III (n=8); receiving TAA and QE. Results: Renal tissues were examined under a light microscope stained by Harris Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E stain), Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome for TAA-treated groups revealed severe histopathological changes, whereas specimens obtained from QE-treated groups showed only mild changes. Immunohistochemical results corroborated these findings. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the ameliorative consequences of QE in opposition to TAA-induced renal injury in rats. The result of this study might contribute in the development of a novel complementary alternative medication in combating and therapeutic intervention of TAA-induced renal injury.

Influence of diode laser and warm air drying on the shear bond strength of Lithium di-silicate to Dentin. An in-vitro study / Influência do laser de diodo e da secagem com ar quente na resistência ao cisalhamento do Di-silicato de Lítio a dentina. Um estudo in-vitro

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation (980 nm) and warm air drying (50°C) on shear bond strength between Lithium di-silicate (IPS e.max; Ivoclar) and human dentin using both (Etch & Rinse) adhesive, Adper™ Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) and (Self-etch) adhesive, Single Bond UniversalTM(3M ESPE) before adhesive polymerization. Material and Methods: 54 sound lower molars were sectioned to obtain flat dentinal surfaces. Specimens were divided into 2 equal groups (n=27): Group 1 (ER) and Group 2 (SE) according to bonding approach. Each subgroup was subdivided according to dentin surface treatment into 3 equal subgroups (n=9): Control (Co), Diode laser irradiation (L) and Warm air drying (W). All specimens were adhesively cemented to IPS e.max® CAD discs using RelyX™ Ultimate Clicker™(3M ESPE) resin cement. Samples were then subjected to pre-loading in a thermodynamic manner. All samples were tested for shear bond strength using computer-controlled material testing machine. Data analysis was performed using two-way (ANOVA) (p< 0.05) followed by pair-wise Tukey's post-hoc tests. Results: In (SE) group, the subgroup (W) had the highest shear bond strength values followed by (Co) subgroup and the least was (L) subgroup with statistically significant difference. As for (ER) group, the subgroup (W) had the highest shear bond strength values followed by (Co) subgroup and the least was (L) subgroup with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Warm air drying for (SE) bonding approach increased shear bond strength of Lithium di-silicate to human dentin and can be introduced as a new effective protocol.(AU)

Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo atual é avaliar o efeito da radiação do laser de diodo (980nm) e secagem de ar quente (50°C) na resistência ao cisalhamento entre dissilicati de Lítio (IPS e.max; Ivoclar) e a dentina humana usando ambos modelos de adesivos (condicionamento total) Adper™ Single Bond e (auto-condicionante) Single Bond Universal™ (3M ESPE), Single Bond UniversalTM (3M ESPE) antes da fotopolimerização. Material e Métodos: 54 segundos molares inferiores foram selecionados para obter superfícies dentinárias planas. Os espécimes foram divididos em 2 grupos iguais (n=27): grupo 1 (ER) e grupo 2 (SE) de acordo com protocolo de adesividade. Cada grupo foi subdividido de acordo com o tratamento de superfície dentro de 3 subgrupos iguais (n=9): Controle (co), irradiação com laser de diodo (L) e secagem com ar quente (W). Todos os espécimes foram adesivamente cimentados a discos de IPS emax CAD usando RelyX Ultimate Clicker (3M ESPE) cimento resinoso. As amostras foram então submetidas a pré-carregamento de forma termodinâmica. Todas as amostras foram testadas para resistência a cisalhamento usando máquina de teste de materiais controlados por computador. A análise de dados foi realizada usando ANOVA dois fatores (p<0.05) seguindo por testes de Tukey pareado como test post-hoc. Resultados: No grupo (SE), o subgrupo (W) apresentou maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento seguindo o subgrupo (Co) é o menor foi o subgrupo (L) com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Já para o grupo (Er), o subgrupo (W) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento seguido do grupo (Co) e o menor foi o subgrupo (L) sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: a secagem com ar quente para a abordagem de adesividade (Se) aumentou a resistência ao cisalhamento do dissilicato de lítio à dentina humana e poderia ser introduzido como um novo e eficaz protocolo(AU)

Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Costus speciosus against atherogenic diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#An extract of Costus speciosus (CSE), a herb widely used in folk medicine, was evaluated for its antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and ameliorating effects on histopathological changes in atherogenic rabbits.@*METHODS@#Twenty-four male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were fed a diet containing 3% saturated fat and 1.3% cholesterol for 40 d. One of these was sacrificed on the 40th day and was called the pathogenic (P) group; the other two groups received treatment for another 30 d as follows: one received 0.8 g/(kg·d) of CSE and the other was given 0.01 g/(kg·d) of simvastatin. The normal group was sacrificed on the 70th day and used as a control.@*RESULTS@#CSE showed radical-scavenging ability. Administration of CSE for a 30-day period resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein and aspartate aminotransferase compared to the P group, while levels of hemoglobin, packed corpuscular volume and red blood cells were elevated. With respect to studies performed on the heart, a decrease in malondialdehyde and an increase in reduced glutathione were noted. Total protein increased in the liver, heart and aorta after treatment with CSE and also a marked improvement in histopathological parameters was demonstrated.@*CONCLUSION@#The present findings indicate that the C. speciosus rhizome possesses antiatherogenic and antioxidant properties which may provide protective effects against oxidative stress in atherosclerotic rabbits.

Ultra-structural studies on the midgut of culex pipiens larvae treated with pomegranate peel extract, punica granatum

The peel powder of Punica granatum, extracted with petroleum ether, was proved to have potential toxicological effects against third instar larvae of Culex pipiens. The median lethal dose [LC50] value was found to be 95.6632 ppm. Qualitative phytochemical screening of pomegranate peel extract was assessed by standard methods. The phytochemical constituents present in petroleum ether extract of Punica granatum peel were phenols and Saponins. The mid gut of the treated larvae was investigated histopathologically and ultra-structurally. The tested extract induced a severe damage to the larval midgut epithelial cells; showing swollen, lysed and displayed clear destruction in the peritrophic membrane and brush border. Also, several changes in cell organelles including destruction of the cell membrane, microvilli, mitochondria, nuclei and cytolysis of gut epithelial cells was observed

protective effect of insulin against isoflurane and sevoflurane induced hepatocellular apoptosis

Several studies deducted that inhalational anesthetics induce apoptosis in human cells. Insulin is believed to have an antiapoptotic action so it is widely used as cardioprotective agent against ischemic reperfusion injuries. This study compared the apoptotic effect of inhalational anesthetics and figuring out the antiapoptotic effect of insulin against perioperative induced hepatocellular apoptosis using immune histochemical study of liver biopsy. Eighty [ASA I] patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated into 4 groups [20 patients each]. Two groups were anesthetized using isoflurane and the other two were anesthetized using sevoflurane. The control groups [IC, SC] received normal saline and the insulin groups [II, SI] received glucose, insulin and potassium [GIK] infusion. Infusions were given 2 hours before induction of anesthesia. Liver biopsy was taken before the umbilical port closure. In liver biopsy Caspase 3, 7, 9 and Akt activity were evaluated. Liver function tests were estimated before infusion and one day after surgery. Serum K and blood glucose levels were closely monitored all through the study. The results showed that in the isoflurane groups, the percentage of caspase 3 and 7 positive cases decreased while Akt positive cases increased significantly in II compared to IC respectively [p < 0.05]. In the sevoflurane groups, the percentage of caspase 3 positive cases decreased significantly in SI compared to SC group [p < 0.05]

Role of diffusion weighted MRI sequence in evaluation of cholangiocarcinoma

Background: cholangiocarcinoma requires accurate diagnosis, which relies on appropriate imaging and image-guided biopsy. Diffusion weighted MRI is a relative new and increasingly used technique. It can be obtained during a single breath-hold, there is no need to use contrast media and it provides information that reflects tissue cellularity and organization. ADC maps can provide quantitative measurements of tissue water diffusivity. It proved to be helpful in the characterization of cholangiocarcinoma

Antimicrobial activity of latex silver nanoparticles using Calotropis procera

Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green methods using serum latex of Calotropis procera at 80 °C and evaluate them against bacteria, dermatophytes and phytopathogenic fungi comparing with the activity of untreated latex.Methods:The synthesis of AgNPs was performed by mixing 3% latex serum extract with the same volume of silver nitrate (2 mmol/L) solution in round flask and heating in water bath at 80 °C. Characterization of silver particles were determined using UV-vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of the green synthesized AgNPs was determined against bacteria, dermatophytes and phytopathogenic fungi and compared to the crude untreated latex by agar-well diffusion methods.Results:Biosynthesis of latex silver nanoparticles was successfully obtained by green method. The formation of AgNPs has been confirmed by UV-vis, TEM microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. TEM analysis showed that synthesized AgNPs are highly stable spherical shaped particles, well dispersed with a diameter ranged from 4 nm up to 25 nm and an average size of 12.33 nm. AgNPs showed strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia sp.) and antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans and Aspergillus terreus.Conclusions:It can be concluded that serum latex of Calotropis procera was found to display strong potential for the synthesis of AgNPs as antimicrobial agents through rapid reduction of silver ions (Ag+ to Ag0). The green synthesized AgNPs were found to show higher antimicrobial efficacy than crude latex.

In vitro synergistic action of curcumin and lactobacillus acidophilus with antibiotics against helicobacter pylori

The problematic Helicobacter pylori infection is to be better treated by some integrated formulations based on the synergistic actions among antibiotics and some natural products. The study was performed using H. pylori isolated from the three most common reservoirs, namely: flies, human stomach and human stool. The extra cellular protein profiles of different members of H. pylori isolated from flies, gastric biopsies, and stool were found to be heterogeneous. Six anti-H. pylori antibiotics were used in single, double and triple combinations with curcumin, and with the extra-cellular products of Lactobacillus acidophilus to evaluate the synergistic action. Extra-cellular protein profiles of different H. pylori were found to be noticeably influenced by MIC50 of the used antibiotics and curcumin. The order of resistance of H. pylori isolates to different treatments was as follows; stool > gastric > flies. In case of gastric H. pylori, the percent synergy for the double treatment was 28.63% for curcumin, 70.35% for L. acidophilus and 81% for the triple treatment. Antimicrobial activity of curcumin together with L. acidophilus were also synergistic. Urease activity of different H. pylori was studied in acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions in the presence of curcumin, L. acidophilus and the mixture of them and found to be decreased in all treatments relative to the control. Curcumin was more anti-urease in case of gastric H. pylori while L. acidophilus more effective in case of fecal H. pylori. Accordingly, antibiotic, curcumin, and L. acidophilus triple therapy can be recommended for the eradication of H. pylori infection after concise animal and human in vivo trials and evaluations

Adjunctive and comparative study between polymerase chain reaction and traditional methods for diagnosis of onychomycosis

Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nails by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte moulds is considered the most common nail disorder in adults. Because, at present, there is no reliable, reproducible, fast and confirmatory assay for onychomycosis, we investigated the applicability of a PCR based diagnostic method. The aim of our work, to evaluate the feasibility of PCR in the diagnosis of onychomycosis and comparing the results with those of microscopy and culture .From 30 cases [17 males [56.7%] and 13 females [43.3%]] with onychomycosis, nail clippings were obtained from all cases. Microscopic examination using 20% potassium hydroxide [KOH], culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar[SDA] with chloramphenicol medium with and without cycloheximide and PCR were used for fungal diagnosis. The number of positive cases for fungi were 19 cases [63.3%] by microscopic examination [20% KOH], 13 cases [43.3%] by culture on [SDA] [nine cases [69.3%] were non-dermatophyte molds and all are Aspergillus, one case [7.7%] was dermatophytes which was Trichophyton rubrum and three cases [23%] were yeasts] and 16 cases [53.3%] by PCR. In conclusion, non-dermatophyte molds are responsible for the majority of cases of onychomycosis, thus we can't ignore the role of non-dermatophyte molds and this may be now a consideration in evaluating and treating onychomycosis. The application of PCR technology directly to the clinical specimens will allow early, rapid and accurate diagnosis of onychomycosis but it is expensive and beyond routine investigations, meanwhile KOH examination is costless, easy and rapid but non accurate

Comparative and adjunctive study between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 [anti-CCP 2] and other parameters used for serological diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

Our study was designed to assess the additional diagnostic value of the anti-CCP 2 compared with other serological markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Our study included 22 patients with LsRA [Long standing rheumatoid arthritis][group I] ,20 with ERA [early rheumatoid arthritis] [group II] and 10 healthy control [group III]. Each one was subjected to full clinical examinations and the following tests [Hb, ESR, CRP latex, RF latex, RF Rose-Waaler, ANA ELISA and anti-CCP2 [Cyclic citrullinated peptide 2] ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of anti-CCP 2 for diagnosis of RA were 76.2%, 100% respectively. This compared with the sensitivity and specificity of RF latex 30.9%, 100%, that of RF Rose-Waaler 88.1%, 80% and that of ANA 61.9 %, 80 %. Anti-CCP 2 was positive in 68.96% of seronegative RA by RF latex and in 40% of seronegative RA by RF Rose-Waaler

Conclusion: Anti-CCP2 proved to be a powerful diagnostic tool, especially in ambiguous cases or RA patients with negative RF, because of its good sensitivity, higher specificity and could be performed by easy, convenient ELISA method

Airway wall thickness in patients with uncontrolled asthma

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflanmation and structural changes in the airulays referred to as remodeling. Recently, high resolution CT [HRCT] has been used to indirectly assess ainuay remodeling in vi-rro, on the basis of findings such as aintlay wall thickening. 1] To assess ainnray wall thickness by HRCT in patients with uncontrolled and partly controlled asthma arid to compare these findings with norrnal healthy controls, 2] to investigate the association behrwen disease duration and the degree of airflow limitation and airflow wall thickness parameters. Prospective case- control study Fifty -koo patients ulith asthma and 23 healthy controls ulere recruited in the study. We measured ainuay luminal area [Ai] corrected by body surface area [Ai/ BSA], airway wall area [WA] corrected by body surface area [wA/BSA], the percentage of wall area [WA%], absolute wall thickness [T]/BSA, and thickness to diameter ratio [TDR] by HRCT. Spironietric tests were also perfomred. In patients with uncontrolled and partly controlled asthma, Ai/ BSA, WA/BSA, WA%, and T/BSA were all significantly greater than those in controlled and healthy control srrbjects. No significant difference in airway wall thickness paranieters were found between controlled asthmatics and healthy controls. The degree of airway wall thickness was correlated to smoking, disease duration and percentage of predicted forced vital capacity [FVC%], forced expiratory volume in 1st second [FEV1%] and FEV1/FVC and post-bronchodilator reversibility in asthmatics. The airways of uncontrolled and partly controlled asthmatics are thickened when compared to controlled asthmatics and healthy controls. Smoking and prolonged disease duration may be important factors in determining the airway wall thickness and hence the irreversibility of airway obstruction in this group of patieirts

Agonist stop - antagonist, a new protocol for super - ovulation in poor responders

To analyze the value of adding Gn-RH antagonist to agonist stop protocol, and to compare agonist stop-antagonist protocol, in normal and low responders. 69 previously poor responders on long agonist protocol [group A], 63 normal responders who did not become pregnant after >/= 2 previous ICSI cycles on long agonist protocol [group B], and 14 women with premature progesterone rise on previous non-agonist cycles [group C]. Group A, and B patients were randomly allocated into either agonist stop protocol, agonist stop-antagonist, or HMG antagonist only protocol, while all group [ patients were stimulated using agonist-antagonist protocol. Duration of stimulation, number of ampoules, number of follicles, late follicular estradiol and progesterone, and cycle outcome. Agonist antagonist protocol was associated with significantly lower late follicular progesterone than the other protocols in groups A, and B, and than the previous attempts in group C. There was a trend toward lower cancellations and higher pregnancy rate using the new protocol. The use of agonist stop-antagonist protocol resulted in lower late follicular progesterone and trend toward a higher pregnancy rate

Risk factors of puerperal sepsis in Alexandria

Puerperal infections are an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing nations. Investigators have noted several risk factors for developing puerperal sepsis. However, the relative importance of these risk factors varies and has to be determined for each setting. Therefore the aim of the present work was to determine the risk factors for puerperal sepsis in Alexandria, Egypt. A case-control design was used to study the risk factors of puerperal sepsis in Alexandria. The study included 160 puerperal sepsis cases and 160 controls. Puerperal sepsis cases were recruited from the fever hospital as well as from 3 rural health units and three urban health offices in Alexandria. A pre-designed interviewing questionnaire was used to collect data about risk factors of puerperal sepsis. Logistic regression analysis indicated that very low socio-economic score [OR=6.4], no ANC [OR= 4.5], delivery at a governmental maternity hospital [OR= 203.4], frequent vaginal examinations [OR=5.1], anemia during puerperium [OR= 4.3], unsanitary vaginal douching during puerperium [OR=19.9] and unhygienic preparation of diapers used immediately after delivery [OR= 12.1] were significantly related to the occurrence of puerperal sepsis. Improving infection control measures during delivery, limiting the frequency of vaginal examinations, and avoiding all unhygienic practices related to delivery are strongly recommended

Severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] -Implications for a National health strategy

This article describes the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS] outbreak that started in February 2003 and affected more than 30 countries, infecting over 8,000 people worldwide, of which 900 died. In July 2003, the last chain of human transmission was broken in Taiwan; however, a list of unanswered questions and the expectation of a future recurrence remain. Therefore the World Health Organization is continuing its search for an effective treatment, vaccine and specific diagnostic test for the disease. At the same time, health officials worldwide are trying to restore and fortify their healthcare systems' infrastructures to handle any future SARS outbreak. Developing a comprehensive national health strategy to combat such emergencies [appears] is a current priority. The article summarizes available information on SARS: case definition, epidemiology and control and prevention measures. It further highlights the importance of developing a national health strategy for contending with public health emergencies like SARS

Randomized comparison of glycerol trinitrate and misoprostol for cervical ripening at term

The study was undertaken to assess efficacy and adverse effects of glycerol trinitrate compared with misoprostol for cervical ripening at term. The study was conducted on sixty term pregnant females with unfavorable cervices, Bishop score < 6, referred for induction of labor. They were randomly assigned, and divided into 2 groups: Group [A]: Includes thirty cases where Misoprostol [Cytotec] 200 micro g/tablets will be used vaginally, 50 micro g/6 hours maximally. Group [B] includes thirty cases where Nitroglycerine [Dinitra 5 mg] tablets/ 6 hours, vaginally, two doses maximally. Women were sent to the labor ward for amniotomy or oxytocin, if their Bishop scores improved more than 6 or their cervices were not ripe 24 hours after treatment, then the adverse effects, changes in Bishop scores, progress and outcome of labor were assessed. This study indicated that there was no significant difference as regards Bishop score in between both groups, but the median of Bishop scores 12 hours after PGE[1] analogue [Misoprostol] was higher than glycerol trinitrate. PGE[1] analogue [Misoprostol] group A had shorter mean duration from the start of medication till the start of pain than glycerol trinitrate [group B], the mean was 12.33, 12.12 hours respectively. Also, the time elapsed from induction till delivery was also significant in this group. P=0.001. There was highly significant tachysystole in group A, while headache, dizziness and palpitations were seen only in group B.10%, 10%, 13.3% of cases respectively, low Apgar score after 1 minute was significantly evident in group A compared to group B. Glycerol trinitrate is less effective than PGE[1] analogues [misoprostol] for ripening at term. It causes less tachysystole than misoprostol but headache, dizziness, palpitation are more in glycerol trinitrate group. Further study is needed to determine optimal dose and effectiveness of glycerol trinitrate for cervical ripening

use of calvarial bone grafts in cranio maxillo-facial reconstruction

Calvarial bone grafts were used to reconstruct craniofacial defects in 66 patients. The study has shown that the procedure is reliable, safe, esthetically accepted with abundant material and minimum morbidity. Bone resorption over long term follow up of the cases was very little

Feeding patterns and growth of infants in Jeddah

Infants aged 9-10 months brought for measles vaccination were Investigated to assess their pattern of feeding and their growth. They totalled 347 and they were chosen from 8 health centres in Jeddah. The present mode of feeding was predominantly bottle fed [42.4%]. The modal age for those who stopped breast was 1 month, while 52.7%, were still exclusively breast fed or in fccabination. Maternal causes were responsible for 55% and infant causes for 35%. The modal age for introduction of semisolid food was the fourth month [31.4%]. The modal age of supplementation with artificial milk among those who were supplemented was since birth [15.9%]. Infants below Harvard's third percentile cons-tituted 16.4% of the total sample and they were found with all types of feeding except with exclusive breast or exclusive bottle Infants. All patterns of feeding will lead to growth faultering males and females and among Saudi and non-Saudi infants when seen at the age of 9 months

study of some risk factors for hypertension in diabetic patients at Suez governorate

Three hundred and thirteen unselected persons, 150 diabetic and 163 non diabetics, aged above 30 years were surveyed in this study. Full history, complete clinical examination and analysis for blood sugar and cholesterol were done for all cases. It was found that, the prevalence of hypertension in diabetic group was 37.3% and among non diabetic it was 13.4% [P<0.001]. Diabetic female patients were affected with hypertension higher than diabetic male [39% and 23.5% respectively]. The prevalence of hypertension increased with the increase of the duration of diabetes. Also, there is a positive correlation between blood glucose level and mean systolic blood pressure. Finally, the prevalence of hypertension among obese diabetic patients was higher than obese non diabetics [p<0.05]. Also, obese diabetic female patients developed hypertension [44%] more frequent than obese diabetic male patients [21%]