Variations of the gallbladder in sudanese subjects with literature review.

Background: Advances in the use of laparoscopic surgery, especially in the biliary apparatus interference makes the need to revise the anatomical data of the gallbladder (GB) more important. Variations of the extra-hepatic biliary apparatus are characterized by large varieties of configurations. Objective: The aim of this article was to study the morphology of the GB in Sudanese subjects and review the common variations. Materials and Methods: Dissection of formalin-fixed cadavers' abdomens. Results: GB is larger in Sudanese subjects than what is described in the standard text books. Conclusion: Congenital anomalies and anatomical variations of the extra-hepatic biliary tree, although not uncommon, can be of clinical importance. There are some differences in the only size of GB in Sudanese.

Surface and antitumor activity of some novel metal-based cationic surfactants.

The development of anticancer metal-based drugs was attempted by reacting dodecyl amine with selenious acid to produce a quaternary ammonium salt which was then converted to copper and cobalt cationic complexes via complexing the first compounds with copper (II) or cobalt (II) ions. The surface properties of these surfactants were investigated. The surface properties studied included critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Gamma max ), and minimum surface area (A min ). Free energy of micellization (Delta G degree mic ) and adsorption (Delta G degree ads ) were calculated. Antitumor activity was tested by using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) as a model system of mice cell tumor. The compounds were also tested in vitro on five human monolayer tumor cell lines: MCF 7 (breast carcinoma), HEPG 2 (liver carcinoma), U 251 (brain tumor), HCT 116 (colon carcinoma), and H 460 (lung carcinoma). FTIR spectra, elemental analysis, and H 1 NMR spectra were performed to insure the purity of the prepared compounds.