Investigating the Effect of Teaching Problem Solving in Groups on the Procrastination of Students

The present study aims to investigate the effect of teaching Problem Solving in groups on the procrastination of male high school students in the city Larestan. This experimental research has used pretest-posttest with a one-month follow-up and there has been a control group involved. The statistical population of this study includes all of the male high school freshmen of the city Lar. In total, a number of 455 male students filled out the procrastination questionnaire. Among the respondents, 30 students with the highest procrastination score were selected as the samples of this study. The experimental group participated in 8 90-minute sessions and they were taught how to solve problems. On the other hand, the control group was not taught anything in this regard. At the end of all of the eight sessions the pretest was performed. Then, after a month, the questionnaires were distributed among the selected students for a follow up. The statistical data was analyzed using descriptive statistic, analysis of covariance and a second measurement. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the procrastination scores in the posttest after eliminating the effect of the pretest. It can be concluded that teaching both time management and problem solving to students significantly affects their procrastination

Proliferation and differentiation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells on a three-dimensional surface composed of PCL/gel nanofibers / Proliferación y diferenciación de células madre espermatogónicas de ratón en una superficie tridimensional compuesta de nanofibras PCL / gel

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have self-renewal and differentiation capacity essential for sperm production throughout the male reproductive life. The electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/Gel) nanofibrous scaffold mimics important features of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which can provide a promising technique for the proliferation and differentiation of SSCs in vitro. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of PCL/Gel nanofibrous scaffold on the propagation and differentiation of neonate mouse SSCs (mSSCs). mSSCs were enzymatically isolated, and the cells were purified by differential plating method and seeded on scaffold. After 2 weeks, viability, colony number and diameter, and expression of specific spermatogonial cell genes were investigated. After mSSCs propagation, the cells were cultivated in a differentiation medium on the scaffold for another 2 weeks, and differentiating cells were analyzed by real-time PCR. The number of mSSC colony (P<0.01) and expression levels of specific spermatogonial genes Plzf and Inga6 (P<0.01) and also differentiation genes c-Kit, Tp1 and Ptm1 (P<0.05) were higher in scaffold group compared with control during the culture period. We conclude that mSSCs can be expanded and can differentiate toward spermatid cells on PCL/Gel nanofibrous scaffold with improved developmental parameters.

Las células madre espermatogónicas (CME) tienen capacidad de auto renovación y diferenciación esenciales para la producción de esperma a lo largo de la vida reproductiva masculina. El «scaffold¼ nanofibroso de policaprolactona / gelatina (PCL / Gel) electrohilado imita características importantes de la matriz extracelular (MEC), que puede proporcionar una técnica prometedora para la proliferación y diferenciación de CME in vitro. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos del «scaffold¼ nanofibroso PCL / Gel en la propagación y diferenciación de CME de ratones neonatos (mSSC). Los mSSC se aislaron enzimáticamente y las células se purificaron mediante un método de siembra diferencial y se sembraron en un «scaffold¼. Después de 2 semanas, se investigaron la viabilidad, el número y el diámetro de las colonias y la expresión de genes específicos de células espermatogónicas. Después de la propagación de mSSC, las células se cultivaron en un medio de diferenciación en el «scaffold¼ durante otras 2 semanas, y las células se analizaron mediante PCR en tiempo real. El número de colonias mSSC (P <0,01) y los niveles de expresión de los genes espermatogónicos específicos Plzf e Inga6 (P <0,01) y también los genes de diferenciación c-Kit, Tp1 y Ptm1 (P <0,05) fueron mayores en el grupo de «scaffold¼ en comparación con el control durante el período de cultivo. Concluimos que los mSSC pueden expandirse y diferenciarse en células espermátidas en un «scaffold¼ de nanofibras PCL / Gel con parámetros de desarrollo mejorados.

effects of lactobacillus casei on glycemic response, serum sirtuin1 and fetuin-A levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] is related to the gut microbiota with numerous molecular mechanisms. Modulating the gut microbiota by probiotics could be effective in management of T2DM. The aim of the present trial was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus casei on glycemic control and serum sirtuin1 [SIRT1] and fetuin-A in patients with T2DM

Methods: Forty patients with T2DM [n = 20 for each group] were divided into intervention [probiotic] and placebo groups. The intervention group received a daily capsule containing 108 cfu of L. casei for eight weeks. The patients in placebo group took capsules containing maltodextrin for the same time duration. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake questionnaires, and blood samples were collected, and the patients were assessed by an endocrinologist at the beginning and at the end of the trial

Results: Fasting blood sugar, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance significantly decreased in probiotic group compared with placebo group [-28.32 [-50.23 to -6.41], 0.013; -3.12 [-5.90 to -0.35], 0.028; -32.31 [-55.09 to -9.54], 0.007, respectively]. Moreover, HbA1c reduced after intervention, but the reduction was not significant [-0.45 [-0.96 to 0.05], 0.077]. In comparison with placebo, the L. casei supplementation significantly increased SIRT1 and decreased fetuin-A levels at the end of the trial [0.52 [0.026 to 1.02], 0.040; -17.56 [-32.54 to -2.58], 0.023, respectively]

Conclusion:L. casei supplementation affected SIRT1 and fetuin-A levels in a way that improved glycemic response in subjects with T2DM. Affecting the SIRT1 and fetuin-A levels introduces a new known mechanism of probiotic action in diabetes management

Mortality and function after surgically-treated hip fracture in adults younger than age 60 / Mortalidade e função depois de tratamento cirúrgico de fratura de quadril em adultos com menos de 60 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: Hip fractures in young adults can cause poor functional capacity throughout life because of several complications. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate 1-year mortality and functional outcomes for patients aged 60 years or younger with hip fracture . Methods: We prospectively obtained data for all consecutive patients aged 60 or younger with any type of hip fracture who were treated operatively between 2008 and 2014. After one year, patient outcomes were evaluated according to changes in pain severity, functional status (modified Barthel index), and mortality rate . Results: Of the total of 201 patients, 132 (65.7%) were men (mean age: 41.8 years) and 69 (34.3%) were women (mean age: 50.2 years) (p<0.001). Reduced pain severity was reported in 91.5% of the patients. The mean modified Barthel index was 22.3 in men and 18.6 in women (p<0.001). At the one-year follow-up, 39 cases (19.4%) were dependent on walking aids while only 17 patients (8.5%) used walking aids preoperatively (p<0.001). Seven patients (4 men and 3 women) died during the one-year follow-up period; 2 died in the hospital after surgery . Conclusion: Hip fractures in young adults have a low mortality rate, reduction in pain severity, and acceptable functional outcomes one year after surgery. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: As fraturas de quadril em adultos jovens podem ocasionar capacidade funcional insatisfatória durante toda a vida, devido a várias complicações. A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar prospectivamente a mortalidade e os desfechos funcionais em um ano, em pacientes com 60 anos de idade ou menos com fratura de quadril. Métodos: Coletamos prospectivamente dados de todos os pacientes consecutivos com idade de 60 anos ou menos, com qualquer tipo de fratura de quadril, que foram tratadas por cirurgia entre 2008 e 2014. Depois de um ano, os desfechos dos pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com as mudanças da intensidade da dor, estado funcional (índice de Barthel modificado) e taxa de mortalidade. Resultados: Do total de 201 pacientes, 132 (65,7%) eram homens (média de idade: 41,8 anos) e 69 (34,3%) eram mulheres (média de idade: 50,2 anos) (p < 0,001). A menor intensidade de dor foi relatada em 91,5% dos pacientes. A média do índice de Barthel modificado foi 22,3 em homens e 18,6 em mulheres (p < 0,001). No acompanhamento de um ano, 39 pacientes (19,4%) dependiam de dispositivos auxiliares da marcha, enquanto apenas 17 pacientes (8,5%) usavam esses dispositivos no pré-operatório (p < 0,001). Sete pacientes (4 homens e 3 mulheres) morreram durante o período de acompanhamento de um ano; dois morreram no hospital, depois da cirurgia. Conclusão: As fraturas de quadril em adultos jovens têm baixa taxa de mortalidade, redução da intensidade da dor e desfechos funcionais aceitáveis um ano depois da cirurgia. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.

Gestational diabetes induces pancreatic beta-bells apoptosis in adult rat offspring / Diabetes gestacional induce apoptosis de células beta del páncreas en crías de ratas adultas

Several studies indicated that pancreatic ß-cell death occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This experimental study was designed to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on the ß-cells in 16-week-old rat offspring. By this aim, adult Wistar rats aged 10-12 weeks were randomly allocated in control and diabetic groups. The diabetic group received 40 mg/kg/body weight of streptozotocin (STZ) on day zero of gestation. After delivery, diabetic offspring of GDM mothers and controls at the age of 16 weeks were sacrificed and pancreases harvested and fixed. The number of ß-cells and were counted by Gomori's method staining. Also, apoptosis in pancreas tissue of diabetic and control offspring was detected by TUNEL assay. Results showed a significant reduction in ß-cell number in offspring of GDM (p<0.05). TUNEL assay showed that the number of apoptotic cells increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.05). This study revealed that gestational diabetes induces pancreatic beta-cells apoptosis in 16-week-old rat offspring.

Varios estudios indican que la muerte de las células ß del páncreas se produce tanto en la diabetes Tipo 1 como en la Tipo 2. Este estudio experimental fue diseñado para determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional en las células ß del páncreas en crías de ratas de 16 semanas. Para ello, ratas Wistar adultas de entre 10-12 semanas fueron asignadas al azar en dos grupos: control y diabetes. El grupo diabetes recibió 40 mg / kg / peso corporal de estreptozotocina (STZ) en el día cero de la gestación. Después del parto, a las 16 semanas, las crías de las madres diabéticas y controles de madres con diabetes gestacional (MDG), fueron sacrificadas para la extracción del páncreas, el cual posteriormente fue fijado. Se contó el número de células ß del páncreas mediante tinción con el método de Gomori. Además, se detectó apoptosis en el tejido del páncreas de la descendencia diabética y el grupo control mediante un ensayo TUNEL. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa en el número de células b en la descendencia de MDG (p <0,05). El ensayo TUNEL mostró que el número de células apoptóticas aumentó en MDG en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). Este estudio reveló que la diabetes gestacional induce apoptosis de células ß en el páncreas de crías de ratas de 16 semanas.

Gestational diabetes reduces pancreatic beta cells in rat offspring / La diabetes gestacional reduce las células beta pancreáticas en crías de ratas

Previous study has shown the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampal and spinal cord neuronal density in animal model. This study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on beta cells in rat pancreas in early postnatal life. In this experimental study, 10 dams randomly allocated into control and diabetic groups on day 1 of gestation. Five dams in diabetic group received 40 mg/kg/BW of streptozotocin (intraperitoneally) and control animals received normal saline. Six of 28 and 56-day-old offspring of each gestational diabetes mellitus and controls were randomly scarified and sections were taken from the pancreas and stained using Gomorra's method. The density of beta cells and number and area of pancreatic islets were evaluated by quantitative computer-assisted morphometric method. The density of beta cells of 28-day-old offspring pancreas significantly reduced from 96.23±5.0 in control group to 71.5±5.3 cells in 10000 mm2 area of islet in diabetic group (P <0.01). The number of the pancreatic islets of in gestational diabetes (15.25±3.7) significantly reduced in comparison with the controls (8.61±0.7). The density of beta cells of 56-day-old offspring pancreas significantly reduced from 105.33±8.6 in control group to 62.12±5.9 in diabetic group (P <0.01). The number of the pancreatic islets of in gestational diabetes (13.5±0.5) significantly reduced compared to controls (6.75±1.7) (P <0.01). This study revealed that gestational diabetes loss the number of the beta cells in 28 and 56-day-old rat offspring.

Estudios previos han mostrado los efectos adversos de la diabetes gestacional en la densidad neuronal del hipocampo y de la médula espinal en modelos animales. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional en las células beta del páncreas de rata en vida postnatal temprana. En este estudio experimental, 10 ratas fueron asignadas al azar a los grupos control y diabético en el día 1 de gestación. Cinco ratas del grupo diabético recibieron 40 mg/kg/BW de estreptozotocina (intraperitonealmente), mientras que los animales del grupo control recibieron solución salina normal. Seis de los descendientes, de 28 y 56 días de edad, de cada grupo, diabetes mellitus gestacional y control, se escarificaron al azar y se tomaron secciones del páncreas, que se tiñeron usando el método de Gomorra. La densidad de las células beta y el número y área de islotes pancreáticos fueron evaluados a través de método cuantitativo asistido por computadora morfométrica. La densidad de células beta del páncreas en las crías de 28 días disminuyó significativamente de 96,23 ± 5,0 en el grupo de control a 71,5 ± 5,3 células en el grupo diabético, en 10000 mm2 de área de islote (P <0,01). El número de islotes pancreáticos de la diabetes gestacional (15,25 ± 3,7) se redujo significativamente en comparación con los controles (8,61 ± 0,7). La densidad de células beta del páncreas en las crías de 56 días de edad se redujo de 105,33 ± 8,6 en el grupo de control a 62,12 ± 5,9 en el grupo diabético (P <0,01). El número de islotes pancreáticos en el grupo de diabetes gestacional (13,5 ± 0,5) se redujo significativamente en comparación con los controles (6,75 ± 1,7) (P <0,01). Este estudio reveló que la diabetes gestacional provoca una pérdida en el número de células beta en crías de ratas de 28 y 56 días de edad.

Ethnic difference in brain weight of 17-20 year-old males in Northern Iran / Diferencias étnicas en el peso del cerebro en hombres de 17 a 20 años de edad del norte de Irán

Cranial capacity and brain weight are important measurements in the study of racial/ethnic differences. Using linear (Lee­Pearson's) formula, brain weight and cranial capacity were estimated in 398 normal 17 to 20-year-old males (200 native Fars and 198 Turkman) males in Northern Iran. The dimensions of the head measured with spreading caliper and auricular head spanner. The mean±S.D of brain weight and cranial capacity in native Fars males were 1343.45±102.37 cm3, and 1390.47±105.95 g, and that of Turkmans were 1163.02±115.76 cm3 and 1203.73±119.81 g, respectively. Cerebral Index was 3.40 ±0.37 % and 2.52 ±0.37 % in Native Fars and Turkmans, respectively and cerebral quotient was higher in Turkmans (8.34) than Native Fars males (7.95). This study showed, the effect of ethnic factor influences the brain weight of 17-20 year-old males in Northern Iran.

La capacidad craneal y el peso del cerebro son mediciones importantes en el estudio de las diferentes etnias. Se estimó el peso del cerebro y la capacidad craneal usando la fórmula lineal de Lee-Pearson, en 398 hombres de 17 a 20 años de edad (200 nativos Fars y 198 Turcomanos) en el norte de Irán. Las dimensiones de la cabeza se midieron con caliper deslizante y con una llave de Todd, para la medición auricular. La media ± D.S. del peso del cerebro y la capacidad craneal en hombres nativos Fars fue de 1343,45±102,37 cm3, y 1390,47±105,95 g, y la de los turcomanos fue de 1163,02±115,76 cm3 y 1203,73 ± 119,81 g, respectivamente. El índice cerebral fue de 3,40± 0,37 % y 2,52 ± 0,37 % en nativos Fars y turcomanos, respectivamente, y el cociente cerebral fue mayor en los turcomanos (8,34) que en los hombres Fars (7.95). Este estudio demostró que el efecto del factor étnico influye en el peso del cerebro en hombres de 17-20 años del norte de Irán.

Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in rat offspring due to gestational diabetes / Apoptosis neuronal del hipocampo en crías de ratas debido a la diabetes gestacional

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) defined as impaired glucose tolerance affects approximately 6 % of all pregnant women who have never before had diabetes, but who do have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. This study was done to evaluate the apoptosis in the neuronal cells in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus and dentate gyrus in offspring of gestational diabetes at the 7, 21 and 28 d in postnatal rats. Thirty Wistar rat dams were randomly allocated in control and diabetic group. Dams in diabetic group were received 40 mg/kg/BW of streptozotocin at the first day of gestation and control groups received an equivalent volume normal saline injection intraperitoneally (IP). Six offspring of GDM and control dams, at the 7, 21, 28 postnatal day were randomly were sacrificed quickly with anesthesia. The coronal sections of brain serially collected. The apoptosis neurons were evaluated with TUNEL Assay. In the CA1, the number of apoptotic cells in 7, 21 and 28 d of postnatal life were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.001). In the CA2, CA3 the number of apoptotic cells in 7, 21 and 28 d age-old offspring were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.001). In the dentate gyrus, the number of apoptotic cells in 7, 21 and 28 d of postnatal life were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls (P<0.01). This study showed that the uncontrolled gestational diabetes significantly increases neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal and dentate gyrus in rat offspring.

La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) se define como la intolerancia a la glucosa que afecta aproximadamente al 6 % de todas las mujeres embarazadas que nunca han tenido diabetes, pero que sí tienen niveles de glucosa en la sangre elevados durante el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la apoptosis de células neuronales en CA1, CA2 y CA3, subcampos del hipocampo y el giro dentado, en las crías de ratas con diabetes gestacional en los días 7, 21 y 28 luego del nacimiento. Se utilizaron 30 ratas Wistar asignadas aleatoriamente en grupos control y diabético (GDM). Se administró al grupo diabético 40 mg/kg de peso corporal de estreptozotocina en el primer día de gestación y el grupo control recibió un volumen equivalente de solución salina normal por inyección vía intraperitoneal. Seis crías de los grupos GDM y control fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente y sacrificadas bajo anestesia los días 7, 21, 28. Se tomaron secciones seriales coronales del cerebro. La apoptosis neuronal se evaluó mediante ensayo TUNEL. En el CA1, el número de células apoptóticas a los 7, 21 y 28 d se incrementó significativamente en el grupo GDM en comparación con los controles (P <0.001). En el CA2 y CA3 el número de células apoptóticas en los días 7, 21 y 28 también se incrementó significativamente en GDM en comparación con los controles (P <0,001). En el giro dentado, el número de células apoptóticas en los días 7, 21 y 28 se incrementó significativamente en GDM en comparación con los controles (P <0,01). Este estudio mostró que la diabetes gestacional no controlada aumenta significativamente la apoptosis neuronal en el hipocampo y el giro dentado en las crías de las ratas.

Alterations of the giant pyramidal neurons (Betz cells) in brain cortex of rat offspring born from gestational diabetic dams: a morphometric study / Alteraciones de las neuronas piramidales gigantes de la corteza cerebral en crías de ratas nacidas de hembras con diabetes gestacional: un estudio morfométrico

A few studies reported the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampus and spinal cord of rat offspring. Giant pyramidal neurons are giant pyramidal neurons located in fifth layers of the gray matter in the primary motor cortex. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on the giant pyramidal neurons and the thickness of internal pyramidal layer in the brain cortex of rat offspring. On day 1 of gestation, 10 Wistar rat dams were randomly allocated into two control and diabetic groups. Five animals in diabetic group received 40 mg/kg/BW of Streptozotocin (intraperitoneally) and control animals received normal saline. We randomly selected six offspring of every subject in both groups at day 28, 56 and 84. Rat offspring were scarified and then coronal sections were taken from the right brain cortex and sections were stained with Cresyl violet. The density of giant pyramidal neurons in brain cortex and thickness of internal pyramidal layer of brain cortex were evaluated. In P28, P56, P84 the Betz cells density of brain cortex were significantly reduced from 107.6±6.2, 131.6±4.6 and 143.5±4.0 in controls to 84.96±2.1, 109.8±7.3 and 121.05±5.6 in cases (p<0.05), respectively. The thickness of the internal pyramidal layer of brain cortex in P28, 56 and P84 was significantly higher in gestational diabetic group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). This study showed that uncontrolled gestational diabetes reduces the giant pyramidal neurons density and internal pyramidal layer thickness in brain cortex of rat offspring.

Pocos estudios han informado de los efectos adversos de la diabetes gestacional sobre las células del hipocampo y médula espinal. Este estudio, se realizó para determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional sobre las neuronas piramidales gigantes ubicadas en la quinta capas de la sustancia gris en la corteza motora primaria y el espesor de la capa piramidal interna en la corteza cerebral en crías de ratas. En el día 1 de la gestación, 10 ratas Wistar se asignaron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: control y diabéticos. Cinco animales del grupo diabético, fueron inyectados con 40 mg/kg de peso corporal de estreptozotocina (por vía intraperitoneal), y los de el grupo control, con solución salina. Aleatoriamente, se seleccionaron seis crías de cada hembra de ambos grupos los días 28, 56 y 84. Las crías fueron sacrificadas, se tomaron secciones coronales de la corteza cerebral derecha y se tiñeron con violeta de cresilo. Se evaluó la densidad de las neuronas piramidales gigantes en la corteza cerebral y el espesor de la capa piramidal interna de la corteza cerebral. En los días 28, 56, 84 la densidad de las neuronas piramidales gigantes en corteza cerebral se redujo significativamente al comparar los controles (107,6±6,2, 131,6±4,6 y 143,5±4,0 respectivamente) con los casos (84,96±2,1, 109,8±7,3 y 121,05±5,6 respectivamente) (p<0,05). El espesor de la capa piramidal interna de la corteza cerebral en los días 28, 84 y 56 fue significativamente mayor en el grupo diabético gestacional en comparación con el grupo control (p<0,05). Este estudio muestra que la diabetes gestacional no controlada reduce la densidad de neuronas piramidales gigantesy el espesor interno de la capa piramidal en la corteza cerebral de las crías de rata.

effect of cognitive behavior therapy in insomnia due to methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized clinical trial

Background: Sleep disturbance is a common complaint of patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy [MMT]. There are limited studies about the effect of different treatments on insomnia due to MMT. In this study, we evaluated the effect of cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia [CBTI] on sleep disorders in patients undergoing MMT

Methods: Twenty-two patients with insomnia due to MMT [aged 18-60 years] participated in this randomized double-blind clinical trial. The intervention group received CBTI from a clinical psychologist for 8 weeks, whereas the control group received behavioral placebo therapy [BPT]. The duration of individual sessions was 45 minutes, which was conducted once a week. The primary outcome was sleep disturbance assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19

Results: Eleven patients were assigned to each group. Two groups were matched according to demographic characteristics [age, marital status, education, and daily methadone doses]. Although PSQI score was significantly reduced during weeks 5 and 8 after both interventions, there was a significant difference in intervention versus time interaction [P<0.02]. The effects of CBTI versus placebo were significantly different [P<0.001]. The time course was also significant [P<0.001]

Conclusion: This study showed that CBTI is more effective than BPT in overall sleep quality. We recommend further studies, with a larger sample, on CBTI in patients undergoing MMT

Factors Affecting Academic Failure In Region II Medical Universities Students

Academic failure is an important issue in medical students which, if not controlled, will cause a drop in the academic level of physicians and paramedics in the coming years. Therefore, identification of factors affecting academic failure can influence the future planning of universities and reduce those factors and help effectiveness and flourishing of these students. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing academic failure in medical universities' students in the region II of country Which and its results can be applicable to Whole country. This study is a case-control study including all students with academic failure in the academic year 2009 in Semnan, Mashhad, Gorgan, Shahroud, Sabzevar, Gonabad and Bojnoord Universities of Medical Sciences [Probation, increased educational semesters, failure in comprehensive medical tests].Data on students with academic failure and other students was collected and analysed using SPSS software by chi-square test at 5% significance level. The prevalence of academic failure in men was higher than women [N=571, 5.33%]. There was a significant difference between two groups in terms of gender, type of university, degree and entry quota [P <0.05]. Given the significant differences in some demographic and educational characteristics between students with and without academic failure, special attention and planning in this area are necessary

[Effect of thalidomide on the MMP-2 protein expression and mast cells in the lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mice]

Introduction and Aims: matrix metallo proteinase-2 [MMP-2] is a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in degrading and remodeling the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. Researchers have shown that Mast cells have an important role in the inflammatory disease including lung fibrosis and they can be as the source of MMP-2 protein. The aim of this research is the examination of Thalidomide effect on the MMP-2 protein expression and Mast cells in the lung fibrosis induced by Bleomycin in mice

Materials and Methods: in this research, 32 male adult C57BL/6 mices were randomly divided into 4 groups. Mices received in group 1 [Bleomycin] Bleomycin sulfate, in group 2 [Bleomycin+Thalidomide] Bleomycin beside Thalidomide, in group 3[Thalidomide] Thalidomide and in group 4 [Carboxy Methyl Cellulose] Carboxy Methyl Cellulose via intraperitoneum. At the end of experiment, mice's lung samples were prepared and histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed about them. After the investigation of tissue slides, number of MMP-2 protein expression cells and Mast cells were calculated and results were analyzed by using OneWay ANOVA and Tukey's test

Results: histological and immunohistochemical studies showed a significant increase in the number of MMP-2 protein expression and Mast cells in the Bleomycin group in comparison with the Carboxy Methyl Cellulose group [p < 0.001]. But number of these cells in the Bleomycin+Thalidomide group decreased significantly compared to the Bleomycin group [p < 0.001]

Conclusion: the results showed that the number of expressive cells of MMP-2 protein and Mast cells decreases by Thalidomide and subsequently reduces lung fibrosis in the mice

Ganglionic cells apoptosis in retinal layer of rat offspring due to gestational diabetes / Células ganglionares apoptóticas en la capa de la retina de crías de ratas debido a la diabetes gestacional

Previous studies have shown the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampal neuronal density in animal models. This study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on retinal ganglionic cell density, the thickness of the retinal layer and apoptotic ganglionic cell density in 28-day-old of rat offspring. In this experimental study, 10 Wistar rat dams were randomly allocated in control and diabetic groups. Gestational diabetes was induced by 40 mg/kg/body weight of streptozotocin at the first day of gestation, intraperitoneally, dams in control group received an equivalent volume normal saline. At postnatal day 28, six offspring of each gestational diabetes and controls were randomly selected, sacrificed and sections (6 micrometer) were taken from the eye and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The density of ganglionic cells and the number of dUTP end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were evaluated in 20000 mm2 area of ganglion layer of the retina. The ganglionic cells density were reduced (27.4%) in gestational diabetic offspring in compared to controls (22.5±1.5 vs. 31.0±0.9, P<0.01). The apoptotic ganglionic cells of retina in interventional group significantly increased in compared to controls (6.74±0.60 vs. 5.12±0.26, P<0.02). This study showed that the uncontrolled gestational diabetes can reduce the number of ganglionic cells and increase apoptotic ganglionic cells of retina layer in rat offspring.

Estudios previos en un modelo animal han demostrado los efectos adversos de la diabetes gestacional en la densidad neuronal del hipocampo. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional en la densidad de las células ganglionares de la retina, en el espesor de la capa de la retina y en la densidad de las células apoptóticas ganglionares, en crías de ratas de 28 días. En este estudio experimental, 10 ratas Wistar fueron asignadas aleatoriamente en grupos control y diabéticos. La diabetes gestacional se indujo a partir de la administración de 40 mg/kg/peso corporal de estreptozotocina en el primer día de la gestación, por vía intraperitoneal. Al grupo control se administró un volumen equivalente de solución salina normal. En el día 28 luego del nacimiento, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente seis crías procedentes de los grupos con diabetes gestacional y controles, se eutanasiaron y se tomaron muestras de los ojos, en forma de secciones de 6 micrómetros, las cuales se tiñeron con H & E. La densidad de las células ganglionares y el número final de células dUTP positivas (TUNEL) se evaluaron a nivel de la capa ganglionar de la retina, en un área de 20.000 mm2. La densidad de las células ganglionares se redujo un 27,4% en la descendencia con diabetes gestacional en comparación con los controles (22,5±1,5 vs. 31,0±0,9, P<0,01). Las células ganglionares apoptóticas de la retina en el grupo con diabetes gestacional aumentaron significativamente en comparación con los controles (6,74±0,60 vs. 5,12 ± 0,26, P <0,02). Este estudio demostró que la diabetes gestacional no controlada puede reducir el número de células ganglionares y aumentar el número de células ganglionares apoptóticas de la capa de la retina en las crías de las ratas con diabetes gestacional.

Effect of gestational diabetes on neuronal cells in rat cerebellum in early postnatal life / Efecto de la diabetes gestacional sobre las células neuronales del cerebelo de ratas en el período postnatal

Previous study has shown the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampal neuronal density in animal model. This study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on rat cerebellum in early postnatal life. In this experimental study, 10 dams randomly allocated into control and diabetic groups on day 1 of gestation. Five dams in diabetic group were administered 40 mg/kg/BW (intraperitoneally) of streptozotocin and control animals received normal saline. Six offspring of each gestational diabetes mellitus and controls were randomly selected at day 7 of postnatal life. Offspring were sacrificed and coronal sections were taken from the cerebellum and stained with cresyl violet. The number of Purkinje and granular cells and thickness of layers of cerebellum were evaluated by quantitative computer-assisted morphometric method. The Purkinje cells density at apex and depth of cerebellar lobules in the experimental group (14.40±0.7, 14.86±0.6) significantly reduced in comparison with the control group (16.72±0.3, 17.85±0.7) (P<0.05). The granular cell density at apex and depth of cerebellar lobules in the experimental group (23.94±0.6, 22.81±0.5) significantly reduced in comparison with the control group (29.20±0.8, 28.1±0.8) (P<0.05). The thickness of the Purkinje and internal granular and molecular layers at apex and depth of cerebellar cortex significantly reduced in diabetics group compared to controls (P<0.05). This study revealed that gestational diabetes induces loss of number and size of the Purkinje cells and the granular cells and reduction of thickness of the Purkinje and internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex in neonatal mice.

Estudios previos han demostrado los efectos adversos de la diabetes gestacional sobre la densidad neuronal del hipocampo en modelos animales. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional en el cerebelo de ratas durante la edad temprana postnatal. Fueron asignadas 10 ratas hembras al azar en grupos control y diabético en el primer día de gestación. Cinco en el grupo diabético recibieron una dosis de 40 mg/kg/Peso corporal de estreptozotocina (intraperitoneal) y los control una solución salina normal. Seis crías de cada una de las hembras del grupo diabetes mellitus gestacional y del grupo controles fueron seleccionados al azar el día 7 de vida postnatal. Fueron sacrificadas y se obtuvieron secciones coronales desde el cerebelo que fueron teñidas con violeta de cresilo. El número de células granulares de Purkinje y espesor de las capas de cerebelo fueron evaluadas por método morfométrico y ordenador cuantitativo. La densidad de células de Purkinje en el ápice y profundidad de los lóbulos del cerebelo en el grupo experimental (14,40±0,7 y 14,86±0,6) se redujeron significativamente en comparación con el grupo control (16,72±0,3 y 17,85±0,7) (P<0,05). La densidad de células granulares en el ápice y profundidad de los lóbulos del cerebelo en el grupo experimental (23,94±0,6 y 22,81±0,5) se redujo significativamente en comparación con el grupo control (29,20±0,8 y 28,1±0,8) (P<0,05). En el espesor de células Purkinje, las capas moleculares y granulares internas en el ápice y profundidad de la corteza del cerebelo, se observó una reducción significativa en el grupo diabéticos en comparación con los controles (P<0,05). Se observó que la diabetes gestacional induce la pérdida del número y tamaño de las células Purkinje y de células granulares, así como la reducción del espesor de las capas de Purkinje y granular interna de la corteza del cerebelo en ratones neonatos.

efficacy of psycho-educational group program on medication adherence and global functioning of patients with bipolar disorder type I

Psycho-education is now considered as part of the integrated treatment for bipolar disorder. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of group psycho-education on medication adherence and global functioning of patients with bipolar disorder type I. 45 patients with bipolar disorder type I were allocated one of the three groups of psycho-education plus pharmacotherapy, pharmacotherapy and placebo plus pharmacotherapy. A psycho-educational program was conducted for the psycho-educational group during 9 weekly sessions. Medication adherence and global functioning of all the three groups were evaluated before the intervention, three months and six months after the intervention using Medication Adherence Rating Scale [MARS] and Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF]. ANOVA was performed to examine the data. In the first and second assessments, the mean score of medication adherence and gobal functioning for patients in the psycho-educational group was significantly higher than that in the control and placebo groups [P=0.001]. Medication adherence score of the psycho-educational group was increased from 6.27[0.88] to 7.92[1.38]. while the mean score of the psycho-educational group increased from 56.6 [3.58] to 64.17 [2.12]:, the global functioning reduced from 56.27[3.17] to 54.17[5.08] in the control group and from 56.67 [3.58] to 56 [4.36] in the placebo group. Psycho-educational program plus pharmacotherapy was effective in improvement medication adherence and global functioning of bipolar patients.

Diagnostic efficacy of sonography for diagnosis of ovarian torsion

Misdiagnosing ovarian torsion is now suggested as an important issue in clinical setting. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of sonography for ovarian torsion. In this study 323 women with acute pelvic pain with highly suspected ovarian torsion signs and symptoms attending Imam Reza Medical Center in Kermanshah between 2011 through 2012 were included and underwent a transabdominal sonography [2-5 MHz probes]. Then findings of sonography were compared with laparatomy. The ultrasound correctly diagnosed 72.1% of ovarian torsion and missed 27.9% of them [false negatives]. However, one free subject [0.4%] was misclassified as ovarian torsion [false positive]. There was a strong correlation between sonography and laparatomy with a kappa value of 84.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of sonography were 72.1% and 99.6%, respectively. Sonography had a positive predictive value of 96.9%, a negative predictive value of 95.9%, and a total accuracy of 96.0% for detection of ovarian torsion. Sonography appears to be an excellent method to evaluate patients with suspected ovarian torsion. Abnormal blood flow detected by sonography is highly predictive of ovarian torsion and is therefore useful in the diagnosis of this phenomenon

Ethnical variations in the incidence of congenital heart defects in Gorgan, northern Iran: a single-center study

Congenital heart disease [CHD] is the most common congenital anomaly in newborns. This study was performed to determine the live birth incidence of CHD by ethnicity and sex in Gorgan, Northern Iran. In this longitudinal, hospital-based study, 18162 live births in Dezyani Hospital in Gorgan, North of Iran, were screened for CHD, from 2007 through 2009. Clinical examination, echocardiography, color Doppler, and cardio catheterization were used as diagnostic tools. Sex, ethnicity, and type of CHD for each case were recorded in a pre-designed questionnaire. The incidence rates of CHD in the native Fars, Sistani, and Turkmen subjects were 5.73 [95%CI: 4.53-7.15], 12.27 [95%CI: 8.74-16.73], and 15.93 [95%CI: 10.00-24.02] per 1000 live births, respectively. The Turkmen to native Fars and Sistani to native Fars relative risk for congenital CHD malformations was 2.77 [95%CI: 1.73-4.44; p value < 0.001] and 1.29 [95%CI: 0.77-2.18; p value < 0.323], respectively. While atrial septal defect was the most common lesion in the native Fars subjects [2.14 per 1000 [95%CI: 1.42-3.06]] and in the Sistani subjects [2.84 per 1000 [95%CI: 1.29-5.36]], in the Turkmen subjects, ventricular septal defect [4.36 per 1000 [95%CI: 1.59-9.43]], followed by atrial septal defect, was the most frequent lesion. This study showed that the incidence and pattern of CHD among live births in Gorgan, North of Iran, varied according to ethnicity. The risk of CHD was higher in the Turkmen and Sistani groups than in the Fars population

Surgical management of a failed internal root resorption treatment: a histological and clinical report

This article presents the successful surgical management of a failed mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) orthograde obturation of a tooth with a history of impact trauma and perforated internal root resorption. A symptomatic maxillary lateral incisor with a history of perforation due to internal root resorption and nonsurgical repair using MTA was referred. Unintentional overfill of the defect with MTA had occurred 4 yr before the initial visit. The excess MTA had since disappeared, and a radiolucent lesion adjacent to the perforation site was evident radiographically. Surgical endodontic retreatment was performed using calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement as a repair material. Histological examination of the lesion revealed granulation tissue with chronic inflammation, and small fragments of MTA encapsulated within fibroconnective tissue. At the one and two year follow up exams, all signs and symptoms of disease had resolved and the tooth was functional. Complete radiographic healing of the lesion was observed two years after the initial visit. This case report illustrates how the selection of an appropriate approach to treatment of a perforation can affect the long term prognosis of a tooth. In addition, extrusion of MTA into a periradicular lesion should be avoided.

Preventing effect of vitamin E on oocytes apoptosis in morphine-treated mice / Efecto preventivo de la vitamina E sobre la apoptosis de ovocitos en ratones tratados con morfina

Several studies have shown that Morphine Sulfate affects on fertility, embryogenesis and consequent pregnancy loss and ultrastructural alterations of oocytes in animal model. This study was done to determine the effect of morphine sulfate on oocytes apoptosis and preventive role of daily supplementation of Vitamin E on oocytes apoptosis in morphine sulfate -treated mice. Twenty-four NMARI female mice were randomly allocated into four experimental groups. For 15 days, control group received saline (0.2 ml/day by subcutaneous injection), group I Vitamin E (60 mg/kg/day orally), group II Morphine Sulfate (10 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection) and group III Morphine Sulfate with Vitamin E (60 mg/kg/day orally). Then, animals were superovulated with PSMG (10 Units) and 10 Unites of HCG. The next day the animals were sacrificed, oocytes were flushed from each fallopian tube. The collected oocytes were subjected to determine apoptosis by Tunnel assay with using Fluorescent Microscope. According to our results, the number of retrieved oocytes were 121, 132, 86 and 114 in control, experimental group I, II and III, respectively. Morphine Sulfate treatment increased apoptosis in oocytes to 17.44 percent whereas oocytes apoptosis was 4.13 percent in Controls. Supplementation with Vitamin E in Morphine Sulfate -treated mice reduced the oocytes apoptosis to 7.01 percent. This study showed that Morphine can increase apoptosis in oocytes and Vitamin E treatment significantly reduces oocytes apoptosis in the Morphine Sulfate -treated mice.

Diversos estudios han demostrado que el sulfato de morfina afecta la fertilidad, embriogénesis y en consecuencia pérdida de la preñez y alteraciones ultraestructurales de los ovocitos en el modelo animal. Este estudio determinó el efecto del sulfato de morfina sobre la apoptosis de los ovocitos y papel preventivo de la suplementación diaria de la vitamina E en la apoptosis de ovocitos en ratones tratados con sulfato de morfina. Veinte y cuatro ratones NMARI hembras fueron asignados al azar en 4 grupos experimentales. Durante 15 días, el grupo control recibió solución salina (0,2 ml/día por inyección subcutánea), el grupo I vitamina E (60 mg/kg/día por vía oral), el grupo II Sulfato de morfina (10 mg/kg/día por inyección subcutánea) y el grupo de III sulfato de morfina con vitamina E (60 mg/kg/día por vía oral). Posteriormente, los animales superovularon con PSMG (10 unidades) y 10 unidades de HCG. El día siguiente, los animales fueron sacrificados, los ovocitos fueron aspirados desde cada tubo uterino. Los ovocitos recogidos fueron utilizados para determinar la apoptosis mediante el ensayo de TUNEL con el uso de microscopio de fluorescencia. El número de ovocitos recuperados fueron 121, 132, 86 y 114 en los grupos control y experimental I, II y III, respectivamente. El tratamiento con sulfato de morfina aumentó la apoptosis en los ovocitos un 17,44 por ciento, mientras que la apoptosis de los ovocitos fue 4,13 por ciento en los controles. La suplementación con vitamina E en los ratones tratados con sulfato de morfina redujo la apoptosis de los ovocitos en 7,01 por ciento. Este estudio demostró que la morfina puede aumentar la apoptosis en los ovocitos y el tratamiento vitamina E redujo significativamente la apoptosis en los ovocitos de ratones tratados con sulfato de morfina.

The preventive and treatment effect of urtica dioica on astrocyte density in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in STZ induced diabetic rats / Efecto preventivo y del tratamiento de urtica dioica sobre la densidad de astrocitos en los subcampos CA1 y CA3 del hipocampo en ratas con diabetes inducida por STZ

Several animal model studies have shown that Diabetes mellitus can affect on the activity of hippocampus astrocytes, but these studies reported controversial findings. This study was done to evaluate the preventive and treatment effect of Urtica dioica (U. dioica) on astrocytes density in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Twenty-eight male albino Wistar rats were randomly allocated equally into control, diabetic, U. dioica treatment and U. dioica preventive groups. Hyperglycemia was induced by STZ (80 mg/kg/BW). One week after injection of the streptozotocin, animals in treatment group were received hydroalcoholic extract of U. dioica (100 mg/kg/BW /day) for 4 weeks by intraperitoneally. In preventive group, diabetic rats were received 100 mg/kg/BW/ daily hydroalcoholic extract of U. dioica for 5 days before STZ injection. Then, animals were sacrificed and coronal sections were taken from the right dorsal hippocampus, stained with PTAH. The area densities of the astrocytes were measured. The number of astrocytes in CA1 of controls, diabetic treatment and preventive groups was 19.00+/-5.5, 17.14+/-6.4, 21+/-8.1 and 16.48+/-3.2, respectively. The densities of astrocytes in CA3 of controls, diabetic, treatment and preventive groups were 25.45+/-7.60, 21.54+/-7.5, 23.75+/-5.6 and 19.89+/-3.8, respectively. The density of astrocytes in diabetic rats reduced in comparison with controls (P<0.05). In CA1 and CA3, in spite of preventive administration, treatment of diabetic rats with U. dioica significantly increased the astrocytes. This study showed that treatment with U. dioica extract can help compensate for the CA1 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus astrocytes in diabetic rats.

Varios estudios en modelos animales han mostrado que la diabetes mellitus puede afectar la actividad de los astrocitos del hipocampo, pero estos resultados son controvertidos. Este estudio se realizó para evaluar el efecto preventivo y de tratamiento de la Urtica dioica (U. dioica) en la densidad de los astrocitos en los subcampos CA1 y CA3 del hipocampo en ratas diabéticas inducidas por estreptozotocina (STZ). Veintiocho ratas Wistar albinas macho fueron asignadas al azar por igual en grupos control, diabético, con tratamiento U. dioica y preventivo con U.dioica. La hiperglucemia se indujo por STZ (80 mg/kg/peso corporal). Una semana después, los animales del grupo tratamiento recibieron el extracto hidroalcohólico de U. dioica (100 mg/kg/peso corporal/día) durante 4 semanas vía intraperitoneal. El grupo preventivo, recibió 100 mg/kg/peso corporal/día de extracto hidroalcohólico U. dioica durante 5 días antes de la inyección de STZ. Los animales fueron sacrificados, se tomaron secciones coronales del hipocampo dorsal derecho y se tiñeron con PTAH. Fueron medidas las densidades de área de los astrocitos. El número de astrocitos en CA1 de los grupos de ratas control, diabéticas, con tratamiento de U. dioica y preventivo con U. dioica fue 19,00+/-5,5, 17,14+/-6,4, 21+/-8,1 y 16,48+/-3,2, respectivamente. Las densidades de los astrocitos en CA3 de los grupos de ratas control, diabéticas, con tratamiento de U. dioica y preventivo con U. dioica fue 25,45+/-7,60, 21,54+/-7,5, 23,75+/-5,6 y 19,89+/-3,8, respectivamente. La densidad de los astrocitos en las ratas diabéticas se redujo en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). En CA1 y CA3, a pesar de la administración preventiva, sólo el tratamiento de ratas diabéticas con U. dioica aumentó significativamente los astrocitos. Este estudio mostró que el tratamiento con extracto de U. dioica puede ayudar a compensar los astrocitos de los subcampos CA1 y CA3 del hipocampo en ratas diabéticas.