Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables from different restaurants in Ilam

Vegetables, used in preparing salads, are most important part of the diet. These materials are often irrigated by untreated urban wastewater. Wastewater, contaminated with ova of parasites, bacteria and protozoa, are used as fertilizers and it can cause a variety of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study is detection of microbial contamination of salad used in Ilam's restaurants. In this study, 42 samples were collected from all restaurants placed in Ilam city and transferred to the laboratory. Brilliant Green Medium, Trypton water and Coax reagent used for detection of Escherichia coli. Water broth, Selenit systein, Tetrationat, Salmonella-shigella agar and Briliant green was used for identification of salmonella. For detection of Enterococcus, KF agar medium containing a diphenyl Tetrazolium chloride was used. Sabro dextrose agar medium [SDA] was used for detection of mold and yeast and wet mount and concentration methods used for parasitology investigations. The results of this study indicate that about 66.66% of samples were infected with Enterococcus, 69% had E. coli contamination and 83.33% of samples were contaminated with yeast. Samples were negative for presence of Salmonella and mold [mold not more than 103]. Parasites contamination of samples was [4 cases] 9.5% for Giardia lamblia, [10 cases] 23.8% for Taenia eggs, 31% [13 cases] for Hymenolepis nana 16.6% [7 cases] for Entamoeba coli. The results of this study showed that salads are contaminated with infectious agent and the use of appropriate disinfectants and washing the vegetables used in salad preparation is essential for controlling infectious diseases

molecular investigation of celiac disease

Celiac disease [CD] is an immune-mediated disorder resulting in nutrient malabsorption now thought to have a prevalence of 1:100 in the Iranian population.Symptoms of CD are included diarrhea, abdominal pain, steatorrhea, bloating, cramps, flatulence, weight loss, weakness and short stature. In addition to presenting symptoms, patients are also at increased risk of metabolic bone disease, lymphoma [enteropathy-associated with T-cell] and other malignancies in different parts of the body such as gastric, esophageal, bladder, breast and brain. There appears to be a strong genetic component to this disease. In this short review we provided the historical, clinical and genetic aspects of this disease and highlight numerous findings from recent molecular immunology studies

concentration of serum selenium in multiple sclerosis patients compare to healthy subject in Tehran

Multiple sclerosis [MS] is an inflammatory demyelinating disease which the exact etiology is still are far to be clear. Reasons for this autoimmune disease are unknown origin. The aim of present study was to evaluate serum levels of selenium in patient with MS compare to healthy subjects. A total of 46 subjects were enrolled in the study, Sera of 23 MS cases and 23 healthy normal cohorts as control group were obtained. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was employed for estimating serum selenium level. Serum. selenium levels were significantly lower in MS than in control cohorts [60.87+/-13 compared with 85.74+/-12, P-value < 0.0001]. Serum selenium levels may thus be a marker of MS; the decreasing levels of serum selenium may be host defense strategies of body

[Needle sticks injuries among health care workers in emergency medical centers in Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospitals [2007-2010]]

Today, Needle Stick Injuries [NSI] are very important occupational hazards experienced by healthcare workers lead to exposure to blood-borne viruses especially hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. The aim of this study was to determine needle sticks injuries among health care workers in emergency medical centers in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals [2007- 2010]. In this descriptive study 991 health care workers worked in emergency wards in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals were followed for needle stick events from 2007 to 2010. Sampling method was census. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 32 questions included demographic variables and NSI included the event that leads to needle stick injuries. Content and face validity and also test-retest reliability [r = 0/71] were measured and data was analyzed by SPSS 16. The study population reported 167 needle stick injuries during the study period [167 health care workers exposure group, 554 health care workers not exposure group]. Incidence rate of NSI was 16/85%. Majority of subjects in exposure group were female [50/89%], married [52/69%] and nurse [53/2%] and also the mean age was 35/3 +/- 6/4. In most cases, needles [55/08%] and vein catheter [22/75%] were responsible for injuries. IV access [24/7%] and recapping of needles [23/3%] were most common action resulted to exposure. There weren't statistically significant different in demographic variables except working experience between exposure groups and not exposure group. According to the results of this study, incidence rate of NSI among HCWs worked in emergency wards in TUMS less than other studies in different countries. This might be an indication of inadequate reporting. It is suggested that, NSI in hospitals should be managed through obtaining an appropriate reporting system and organizing blood and body fluid exposure surveillance system

[CPCR education workshop effect on nurses' knowledge based on AHA [2010] guideline]

Cardio-Pulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation [CPCR] is a systematic and purposeful series of action has been using by nurses for restoring the vital function of central body organs such as heart, lung and brain. Apply of teaching is a numerous recommended method for improving nurses knowledge and skill related to PCPR in majority of published papers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assessment of CPCR educational workshops effect on nurses knowledge based on American Heart Association [AHA] guideline that has been done in 2010. Using a quasi-experimental study, the knowledge level of 130 nurses of Tehran university medical sciences was assessed in three steps including before, after, and 2 months later of holding the teaching workshop. Using a 20-item questionnaire on basic, advanced cardiac life support and CPCR according to AHA 2010 guideline, data were gathered. The method of teaching workshop was two integrated sections including lecturing and practical demonstration on basic and advanced CPCR concept during two days [16 hr]. Using SPSS, the data were analyzed by applying descriptive and analytical statistical tests. The discrepancy of average knowledge scores related to basic and advanced before teaching workshop [8.6], after [14.9], and 2 month later to the workshop [13.2] indicated the effect of teaching workshop. Comparing the means of the pre-test, post-test and test after 2 months was statistically significant. Nevertheless, in some parts such as on time applying of defibrillation and do the first step in patient with cardio respiratory arrest had the minimal effect from teaching workshop. Since the results indicated that the teaching workshop on basic and advanced CPCR can improve nursing related knowledge; therefore, holding the similar means as theoretical and practical courses in a regular base is recommended

Studying wind chill index as a climatic index effective on the health of athletes and tourists interested in winter sports

Estimating wind chill index as one of the indexes effective in body comfort, specifically for athletes and tourists interested in winter sports. Meteorology data including temperature and the percentage of relative humidity of 6 synoptic stations of Chaharmahal-Bakhtiyrai province, Iran from 1990 to 2007 were extracted from Iranian Meteorology Site. In order to calculate the values of wind chill, the innovative formula of NOAA Meteorology Services Center [T [WC]+ 35.74+0.6215T-35.75V+0.4275TV] was used. After analyzing wind in all stations, it became evident that the great percentage of wind calm related to fall, and spring had the most wind distortions. In studying the mean temperature during this studying period, Koohrang station with mean of 9.8[degree sign] C was identified as the coldest station and Lordegan with a mean of 17 [degree sign] C represented the warmest station of the region observed. According to degrees derived from wind chill index, Koohrang station in January with a mean of -28.75 was known as the coldest and roughest station. Among the studied stations, Koohrang had the most intensive degrees of wind chill occurrence and Lordegan had the calmest conditions. Therefore, athletes and tourists should use warmer clothes and covers in cold seasons in Koohrang in comparison with other studied regions, in order to protect themselves from the negative effects of sudden cold and occurrence of intense wind chills

[Burnout in staffs of health care centers in Mashhad]

Burnout syndrome includes aspects of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decrement of personal accomplishment. Medical and health care staffs are vulnerable to burnout syndrome because of their exposure to physical and psychological stressors. The present study assessed the rate of aspects of burnout syndrome and its relations to demographic characteristics in staffs of health care centers of Mashhad. In this descriptive-analytical study we evaluated staffs of 30 health centers of Mashhad in 1385. Data was collected using the demographic questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory [MBI]. MBI is a Likert rating scale to assess different aspects of burnout. Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS and appropriate descriptive and analytic statistical tests. This study showed that 24.5% of staffs had high rates of emotional exhaustion, 0.7% had high rates of depersonalization and 6.7% of subjects experienced the low rates of personal accomplishment. There were significant correlation between emotional exhaustion and depersonalization [P=0.000] and between personal accomplishment and emotional exhaustion [p=0.008]. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization had significant convert correlation with age of staffs [P=0.015 and P=0.010]. Only depersonalization was significantly higher in men than women [P=0.035]. High emotional exhaustion in staffs of health care centers in comparison with other reports was prominent and needs to close attention, but other aspects of burnout were in good position in them

new monoclonal antibody radiopharmaceutical for radioimmunoscintigraphy of breast cancer: direct labeling of antibody and its quality control

Radioimmunoscintigraphy [RIS] has found widespread clinical application in tumor diagnosis. The antibody [Ab] PR81 is a new murine anti-MUCl monoclonal antibody [MAb] against human breast carcinoma. In this study a very simple, rapid and efficient method for labeling of this MAb with [99m] Tc, particularly suitable for development of a [kit] is described. The reduction of Ab was performed with 2-mercaptoethanol [2-ME] at a molar ratio of 2000:1 [2-ME:MAb] and the reduced Ab was labeled with [99m] Tc via methylene diphosphonate [MDP] as a transchelator. The labeling efficiency which was determined by instant thin layer chromatography [ITLC] was 94.2% +/- 2.3. Radiocolloides measured by cellulose nitrate electrophoresis were 2.5% +/- 1.7. In vitro stability of the labeled product in human serum which was measured by gel filtration chromatography [FPLC] was 70% +/- 5.7 over 24 hr. The integrity of labeled MAb was checked by means of SDS-PAGE and no significant fragmentation was observed. The results of the cell-binding studies showed that both labeled and unlabeled PR81 were able to compete for binding to MCF 7 cells. Biodistribution studies were performed in normal BALB/c mice at 4 and 24 hrs post-injection and no important accumulation was observed in vital organs. These results show that the new radiopharmaceutical may be considered as a promising candidate for imaging of breast cancer