Investigation of composition extracts, biological activities and optimization of Solanum nigrum L. extraction growing in Iran

Raw materials including medicinal plants are gaining popularity for the production of reliable and safe medicines suitable for human. Response Surface Methodology [RSM] is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques used for solving the optimization problems. Using the RSM method, compounds, extracts, antioxidant and antibacterial agents of methanol, hexane, chloroform and water extracts of black nightshade [Solanum nigrum] found in Iran, had been studied for this research. GC and GC/MS had been used to determine the composition of the extracts from the aerial parts of S. nigrum. The major components of these varieties are alkane and alkane acid derivatives. The research has shown significant results that the maximum antioxidant activity was achieved in the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] test, and significant differences were also observed between the extracts and solvents in this respect [P<0.05, R[2] [adj]=99.97%]. As regards the antibacterial activity, the chloroform extract has the largest zone of growth inhibition diameter in which the gram-positive bacteria were cultured

Antioxidant activity of bulbs and aerial parts of Crocus caspius, impact of extraction methods

Crocus genus [Iridaceae] is comprises approximately 80 species. In this study in vitro antioxidant activities of extracts from C. caspius bulbs and aerial parts were investigated. Ultrasonically assisted extraction [US], percolation method [PE] and polyphenolic fraction [PP] were used. Antioxidant activities were evaluated with five different tests. Aerial parts US extract with high levels of phenol and flavonoids were the most potent extract in DPPH radical scavenging than others. Aerial parts PE extract had shown very potent reducing power, which was so better than other extracts [p<0.01]. Aerial parts PP fraction showed very good Fe2+ chelating ability. Aerial parts US extract were the most potent extract in scavenging of H2O2. Bulb PP fraction with IC50=22.8 +/- 0.7microg ml-1 was the most potent fraction in nitric oxide scavenging. The results improved high levels of antioxidant activities of C. caspius bulbs and aerial parts in all tested models

Pharmacological basis of opioids dependence [addiction] and its treatment

Dependence [addiction] and tolerance is acquired as a result of repeated drug use, its effects will gradually diminish and so after a while the person will tolerate toxic levels of the drug without causing discomfort. Structure of Morphine have five rings with profile A [Aromatic], B [Cyclohexane], C [Cyclohexane], D [Piperidine] and E [Tetrahydrofuran], all derivatives of morphine which have these cyclic structures would have addictive potential that were compatible with their analgesic effect. Thousands of years ago, opioid compounds were used for pain relief, analgesia, induction of anesthesia [Fentanyl], alternative treatments for addiction, treatment of diarrhea [Diphenoxylate], pulmonary edema and coughs [Codeine]. The main side effects of these drugs are suppression of breathing and decreased response to carbon dioxide in the blood that can cause respiratory failure and subsequent death. There are different treatments for addiction including Acupuncture therapy [electro Acupuncture], Sleep therapy, Occupational therapy, the placebo-treated through detoxification, Methadone, Buprenorphine or Alpha agonist receptor detoxification, Opioid antagonist drugs and treatment with herbal drugs

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of h. officinalisl. var. angus tifolius, v. odorata, b. hyrcana and c. speciosum

Extracts of 4 medicinal and aromatic plants were investigated for their antioxidant potency employing six various established in vitro system: H. officinalis L. var. angustifolius aerial parts, C. speciosum flowers, V. odorata and B. hyrcana leaves.With regard to IC5o values [micro g/ m], the order in DPPH radical-scavenging were CS [585.6] > HO [311] > VO [245.1] > and BH [113.1]. Effectiveness in reducing powers were high and in a descending order of HO > CS > BH > VO [at the concentrations of 25-800 micro g/ ml]. IC[50] for Fe[2+] chelating ability were 188, 750 and 980 micro g/ ml for VO, CS and HO, respectively. BH extract has shown only 38% inhibition at 800 micro g/ ml. The extracts showed weak nitric oxide-scavenging activity. All extracts exhibited very low and moderate concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in FTC methods. IC[50] for scavenging of H[2]O[2] were 169 for BH, 175 for CS, 640 for VO and 663 microg/ ml for HO. The content of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were measured in plant extracts. The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of all extracts

Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 citrus species peels and tissues

Methanolic extracts of 13 commercially available citrus spp., peels and tissues growing in Iran were investigated for their antioxidant activity by DPPH method. IC50 for antioxidant activity ranged from 0.6-3.8 mg ml-1. Total phenolic content of the citrus spp. samples [based on folin Ciocalteu method] varied from 66.5 to 396.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract and flavonoids content [based on colorimetric AlCl3 method] varied from 0.3 to 31.1 mg quercetin equivalent/g of extract. There were no correlation between the total phenolic and/ or flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity in tissues and/or peels