RESUMO
Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [CL] is endemic in many parts of Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the fauna and some biologic factors of sand flies and detect CL vector[s] in Kharameh district which is one of the most important foci of the disease in Fars province, southern Iran
Methods: To identify the fauna, a total of 1549 sand flies were collected from April 2014 to March 2015. To determine the monthly activity, sand flies were collected from indoor and outdoor areas of the lowland and the highland regions
Results: Ten species of phlebotomine [four Phlebotomus spp. And six Sergentomyia spp.] were identified and Phlebotomus papatasi was the dominant species [53.45%]. To determine the sand flies naturally infected by Leishmania spp., 188 female sand flies [145 P. papatasi, 29 P. sergenti, and 14 P. alexandri] were subjected to polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay. Two [13.16%] specimens of P. papatasi were found to be positive for Leishmania major
Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first PCR detection of L. major within naturally infected P. Papatasis and fly as the main vector in this region of south Iran
RESUMO
Background: Medicinal plant extracts such as those obtained from Salvia species have a wide variety of chemical compounds in their essential oils. The repellency of a number of essential oils including those from the labiates like Salvia against several insect species including the common house flies is reported
Objective: The aim of this investigation was to find out the excito-repellency effects of Salvia sclarea L. [Lamiaceae] extracts against adult house flies, Musca domestica L. [Diptera: Muscidae]
Methods: Air-dried plant material from the aerial parts of S. sclarea was subjected to hydro-distillation in a Clevenger type glass apparatus model Soxhlet with acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, chloroform, and aqueous solvents. Only adult house flies were inserted into an exposure chamber and their behavior was monitored for feeding tendency, repellency rate and deterrence rate. Statistical analyses were carried out by one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] with computation of the significance of differences in the outcome of various treatments
Results: There were significant differences among most of the various extracts with their controls in the sequential effects of feeding [P=0.04], deterrent [P=0.023] and repellency [P=0.01] rates of house flies. The order of potency for various extracts with a concentration of 100 g/l was as follows: petroleum ether> benzene> water> acetone> chloroform
Conclusion: It is thus conceivable to search for native means of combating house flies by fractionating the active ingredients in the Clary sage in the light of its excito-repellency effects
RESUMO
Background: Human malaria remains a major malady in Eastern Iran. Vector control interventions such as indoor residual spraying are used to fight with the disease. This study was undertaken to determine the lethal and residual effects of three different pyrethroid insecticides on adult mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi on different surfaces in Iran, as part of a national program to monitor insecticide resistance in endemic areas
Methods: Two main endemic foci were selected as collection sites. Wild adult females of An. stephensi [mysoriensis strain] from the first focus were subjected to standard susceptibility tests, using lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin insecticides within holding tubes according to the method proposed by WHO. In Kazerun, the residual effects of these compounds were examined by conical bioassay tests of An. stephensi [type strain] on plaster and cement walls. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test to determine the differences in susceptibility and residual effects of An. stephensi mosquitoes to these insecticides
Results: The susceptibility of females of An. stephensi to three concentrations of lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin insecticides culminated in full scale mortality at the highest diagnostic dose. The maximal residual time of these three insecticides on plaster and cement walls was estimated to be about three months. There was no significant difference in the mortalities of An. stephensi on different sprayed surfaces [P=0.653]
Conclusion: All field-collected An. stephensi populations exhibit gross susceptibility to all diagnostic doses of the three evaluated insecticides. In endemic areas, lambdacyhalothrin reveals a slightly longer residual activity than the other two insecticides
RESUMO
Background: Geographical distribution of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] has continuously been extended in recent years in Iran. The Beiza District is one of the newly-emerged endemic foci of ZCL in southern Iran. The main aim of the present study was to detect the vector[s] of ZCL in this area
Methods: To detect the fauna and vectors of ZCL in this district, sand flies were caught using sticky papers. Seventy randomly selected female sand flies out of 730 were molecularly investigated for Leishmania infection using species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay between April and October 2010
Results: A total of 2543 sand flies were caught. The fauna was identified as 10 species [five Phlebotomus spp. and five Sergentomyia spp.]. Phlebotomus papatasi was the most dominant species both indoors and outdoors [37.55% and 16.35%, respectively]. L. major was detected in 5 out of 48 investigated Phlebotomus papatasi [10.41%]. Sequence-based characterization was carried out to confirm the PCR findings. The positive samples were shown to have 75-88% similarity with L. major sequences in GenBank
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, similar to the other foci of ZCL in Iran, P. papatasi is the proven and primary vector of CL. This study could be drawn upon for future strategy planning in this newly emerged endemic focus
RESUMO
Background: The German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. [Dictyoptera: Blattellidae], has become resistant to many insecticides due to control failures in hospital and student dormitory settings of southern Iran
Objective: This study was thus designed to detect and monitor carbamate resistance in two strains of German cockroach using lethal dose bioassay methods
Methods: Wild dormitory [D] and hospital [H] strains were collected. Adult males were subjected to the jar exposure procedure. A range of concentrations based on the world health organization [WHO] standard concentration of carbamate insecticides [carbaryl, bendiocarb, propoxur] were used. For each insecticide, four to seven different concentrations leading to >0% and <100% mortality were assayed. Ten insects were placed in each jar and the exposure time of contact was held constant for 30 minutes. Mortality data [as LD[[50]]] were assessed using probit analysis
Results: Although both strains showed lethality values above those of the WHO standards, the H strain was more resistant to all of the three carbamate insecticides than the D strain, possibly due to the frequent and excessive dosage of these chemicals used in the hospital environment. The order of resistance for H strain was carbaryl > propoxur > bendiocarb. The ratio of LD[50] in H strain to that of D strain for bendiocarb was about twice that of the other two insecticides indicating that German cockroaches were most susceptible to bendiocarb under both environments
Conclusion: It is concluded that excessive reliance on carbaryl in both D and H settings has led to resistance
RESUMO
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells and more than 400 million people are affected in the world. Our objective was to evaluate the causes of hemolysis in G6PD deficient hospitalized patients. This retrospective study was done on 196 G6PD deficient patients during 2007-2010. They were between 1-13 years of age who were admitted to Shahid Dastgheib hospital of Shiraz in Iran for management of hemolysis crisis. Patients with hemolysis but without any documents of G6PD deficiency were excluded. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency was higher in boys. Seasonal variations also affect hemolysis in these patients, peak incidence was observed in spring fallowed by autumn, winter and summer respectively. Ingestion of fava beans was the major cause where as infections, drugs, exposure to henna, pollen of fava beans and diabetic ketoacidosis were the other causes of hemolysis. The major cause of hemolysis is ingestion of fava beans fallowed by infections and oxidative drugs consumption in this region. So, awareness of G6PD deficient subjects about these factors and an early treatment of infection is very important for prevention of hemolysis in these patients
RESUMO
Scabies is one of the most common causes of itching dermatosis in the world. This disease is caused by Sarcopetes scabiei. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of scabies and demographic factors affecting it, such as age, gender, residence, education and occupation in patients of health centers in the county during 1998-2006. This study was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study. The necessary information included positive cases of disease and effective demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, education and residence using the contents recorded in health centers of the county. Fifty one out of total 203 suspected cases were positive. The most positive cases were observed in males in age group of 16-25, soldiers, low educated people [guidance school] and in urban areas. This study indicates the relationship between the prevalence of scabies in soldiers in the region according to the population density in the garrisons. It also revealed that the disease is significantly related to educational level, gender and occupation.