RESUMO
Background: chronic kidney disease can lead to end stage renal disease which would require the patient to be on dialysis. Kidney diseases predispose patients to many complications, such as cardiovascular, hematological, endocrinological, and others. For a patient who is on dialysis, the damaging processes on the cardiovascular system resulting in congestive heart failure are accelerated, making it the biggest cause of mortality
Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 2001, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease, congestive heart failure, indications of dialysis, hemodialysis, complications of dialysis, congestive heart failure in dialysis patients
Aim: in this review, we aim to evaluate the incidence, prevalence, pathogenesis, and outcome of congestive heart failure in a patient who is on dialysis due to chronic kidney disease
Conclusion: Congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis have a very bad prognosis of only three years, and there has been no improvement in prognosis from over twenty years. More studies and researches must be conducted in this topic in order to come up with better forms of therapy in order to decrease mortality and improve quality of life
RESUMO
The hand-wrist method and cervical vertebral maturation [CVM] are two common diagnostic approaches to assess skeletal 'maturity in clinical orthodontics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between CVM method and hand-wrist method in estimating the skeletal maturity level of Saudi male children. Lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist radiographs of 145 Saudi male children ranging from 10 to 15 years of age were utilized. The CVM method of Franchi and Baccetti [Franchi and Baccetti, 2002] was used to analyze the maturational morphologic characteristics of the cervical vertebrae from lateral cephalometric radiographs; whereas Bjork's skeletal maturity standards [Bjork, 1972] were utilized to determine the skeletal maturity stage from hand-wrist radiographs. Skeletal age for each subject was established using Greulich and Pyle's standard hand and wrist radiographic atlas [Greulich and Pyle, 1959]. The mean chronological age of the sample was 12.13 +/- 1.54 years, while the mean skeletal age was found to be 11.51 +/- 1.9 years. High correlation [0.89, P<0.01] was established between CVM stages and hand-wrist skeletal maturity stages. The findings of this study suggest that CVM method is a valid and reliable method to assess skeletal maturity in Saudi male children