Educación sexual en las carreras de la salud del Campus Eloísa Díaz de la Universidad de Chile / Evaluation of a general education course on sexuality for university students

Background: Education on human sexuality was instituted in Eloisa Díaz Campus in 1946. From 2018 an online self-learning general education course on sexuality was started. Aim: To know the degree of knowledge about sexuality and the perception about the course of 586 students (42% women) who approved the course. Material and Methods: The Myths and False beliefs and Self-perception on sexuality tests were applied to students at the onset and the end of the course. They also anonymously evaluated the course. Results: In the first assessment, the proportion of correct answers about sexuality and reproduction were 47 and 40% respectively. In the second assessment, 70% of respondents had open criteria about sexuality and 90% rejected traditional criteria. In the anonymous assessment, 95% estimated that the objectives of the course were accomplished. Its quality was considered good or excellent by 95% of respondents. Conclusions: This course was well accepted by students and corrects their knowledge gaps in sexuality. Despite the social unrest during 2019 and the pandemic during 2020, the course was successfully completed by most students.

Odontogenic Maxillofacial Infections in a High-level Hospital: Orofacial Pain and Related Conditions

ABSTRACT Objective: Odontogenic infection is a common condition in America; the aim of this research was to determine the profile of odontogenic maxillofacial infections and to identify the link between these and the pain felt by patients admitted to the emergency dental service of the Hernân Henriquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional, double-blind study analysed 49 individuals admitted for emergency dental care. Included were admissions associated with odontogenic infection identified by clinical examination, establishing a relation to pain through a survey. The diagnosis was made clinically using the fascial spaces involved in the infection, presence of self-medication prior to admission, need for surgical treatment and the patient 's systemic conditions. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared, ANOVA, considering a value of p < 0.05 as significant. Results: The average pain level measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) in emergency admission was 8.1. There was no association between the diagnosis (pulp infection, periodontal infection or pericoronitis) and the VAS (p = 0.078), but there was association between age and the diagnosis (p = 0.022), and the VAS was associated with pain compared to other types of pathologies or traumas (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Odontogenic infection is frequent and linked to age and high-pain values. New public policies should be adopted based on these results. New studies are needed to assess new variables associated with these pathologies.

Causes of hypercalcemia in renal transplant recipients: persistent hyperparathyroidism and others

Hypercalcemia is common in patients after kidney transplantation (KTx) and is associated with persistent hyperparathyroidism in the majority of cases. This retrospective, single-center study evaluated the prevalence of hypercalcemia after KTx. KTx recipients were evaluated for 7 years after receiving kidneys from living or deceased donors. A total of 301 patients were evaluated; 67 patients had hypercalcemia at some point during the follow-up period. The median follow-up time for all 67 patients was 62 months (44; 80). Overall, 45 cases of hypercalcemia were classified as related to persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism (group A), 16 were classified as "transient post-transplant hypercalcemia" (group B), and 3 had causes secondary to other diseases (1 related to tuberculosis, 1 related to histoplasmosis, and 1 related to lymphoma). The other 3 patients had hypercalcemia of unknown etiology, which is still under investigation. In group A, the onset of hypercalcemia after KTx was not significantly different from that of the other groups, but the median duration of hypercalcemia in group A was 25 months (12.5; 53), longer than in group B, where the median duration of hypercalcemia was only 12 months (10; 15) (P<0.002). The median parathyroid hormone blood levels around 12 months after KTx were 210 pg/mL (141; 352) in group A and 72.5 pg/mL (54; 95) in group B (P<0.0001). Hypercalcemia post-KTx is not infrequent and its prevalence in this center was 22.2%. Persistent hyperparathyroidism was the most frequent cause, but other important etiologies must not be forgotten, especially granulomatous diseases and malignancies.

Tromboprofilaxis en pacientes médicos y quirúrgicos: resultados de un estudio multicéntrico realizado en hospitales de la Ciudad de México / Thromboprophylaxis in medical and surgical patients: results of a multicenter study in hospitals of Mexico City

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es una complicación que puede manifestarse durante o después de la hospitalización. Existen pocos antecedentes en nuestro país que evalúan el comportamiento médico en este tema. OBJETIVO: conocer la prescripción relacionada con el tipo, duración y posibles causas de la omisión de tromboprofilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo, transversal y no probabilístico en el que de septiembre a noviembre de 2016 se evaluaron médicos de Medicina Interna, Cirugía General, Terapia Intensiva y Urgencias. Se recolectaron datos por cuestionario y presentación de resultados a través de estadística descriptiva. También se evaluó la duración de la prescripción y la dosis administrada. RESULTADOS: se encuestaron 556 médicos adscritos, 14 jefes de servicio y 234 residentes total: 804 de siete hospitales de la Ciudad de México pertenecientes al sistema de salud. El 30% refirió que su hospital cuenta con un programa de tromboprofilaxis; 97.7% la considera segura y 1.2%, riesgosa. El 96% respondió que prescribe tromboprofilaxis en sus pacientes; 592 74% utilizan alguna escala de previsión clínica de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. El 71% recomienda heparina de bajo peso molecular para tromboprofilaxis y 0.74% administra anticoagulantes orales de nueva generación. CONCLUSIONES: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es potencialmente prevenible; sin embargo, la prescripción muestra oportunidades de mejoría en aspectos de farmacología.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolic disease VTE is a complication that may occur during or after hospitalization. There are few antecedents in our country that evaluate the medical behavior in this subject. OBJECTIVE: To know the prescription related to type, duration and possible causes for omission of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, transversal and non-probabilistic study was done, in which from September to November 2016 physicians of Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care and Urgency were evaluated through a data collection by questionnaire and presentation of results through descriptive statistics. We also evaluated duration of prescription and dose administered. RESULTS: A total of 556 seconded physicians, 14 service heads, and 234 residents 804 in total were surveyed in seven hospitals in Mexico City belonging to the health system. Thirty percent reported that their hospital has a thromboprophylaxis program; 97.7% consider it safe and 1.2% risky; 96% responded that they prescribe thromboprophylaxis in their patients; 592 73.6% used some clinical prediction scale for VTE; 71% recommended low molecular weight heparin for thrombo prophylaxis and 0.74% administered new generation oral anticoagulants. CONCLUSIONS: Venous thromboembolic disease is potentially preventable; however, prescription shows opportunities for improvement in aspects of pharmacology.

Diferencias de género en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes escolarizados chilenos / Gender differences in health-related quality of life of Chilean adolescent students

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) refers to individuals' perception of their subjective well-being, considering various aspects of their life and the impact on their health. Aim: To analyze gender differences in the HRQOL of adolescent students in Chile, by age, type of school attended, and area of residence. Material and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a population of 5th and 12th grade students attending municipal, subsidized and private schools in 11 regions of the country. HRQOL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-52, an instrument that has been previously adapted and validated in Chile. The database obtained from that adaption and validation process was analyzed. Results: In total, 7,910 students (median age 14 years, 53% female) completed the questionnaire. Compared to males, females had lower HRQOL scores in most of the KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions. However, males were more likely to have lower scores in the “Peers and Social Support” and “School Environment” dimensions. These differences remained valid when the sample was stratified by age, type of school, and area of residence were analyzed. Conclusions: This study supports the existence of inequalities in the self-perceived HRQOL of Chilean adolescent students. The existing differences are not only related to gender but are also evident when stratifying by type of school attended.

Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman mamario / Mammary Rosai Dorfman disease

Background: Rosai Dorfman disease is uncommon and consists in a benign fibrous and hematopoietic tissue proliferation, usually located in the head or neck. It is self-limited and the treatment is the surgical excision of the lesion. Case Report: We report a 69 years old woman consulting for a palpable right breast nodule with a mammography and mammary ultrasound informed as BIRADS 4 and 5, respectively. A core biopsy was informed as a mammary Rosai Dorfman disease. Two years later, due to a lesion growth, the patient was subjected to a partial mastectomy. The pathological study of the surgical piece confirmed the diagnosis of the core biopsy. This disease may resemble a malignant disease and the clue for its diagnosis is the pathological study.

Introducción: La enfermedad de Rosai Dorfman es una entidad infrecuente, que consiste en la proliferación benigna del tejido fibroso y hematopoyético ubicado generalmente en cabeza y cuello. Se trata de una enfermedad benigna, autolimitada, cuyo tratamiento generalmente se limita a la resección quirúrgica, con elevada tasa de recidiva. Objetivo: Exposición de un caso de Enfermedad de Rosai Dorfman mamario, inicial-mente sugerente de patología maligna. caso clínico: Mujer 69 años derivada de atención primaria por nódulo palpable en mama derecha, mamografía y ecografía mamaria BIRADS 4 y 5, respectivamente. Biopsia Core informa Enfermedad de Rosai Dorfman mamaria. A los dos años de diagnóstico se objetiva lesión de mayor tamaño. Se realizó mastectomía parcial con biopsia de pieza quirúrgica compatible con diagnóstico de Biopsia Core previa. Discusión: La similitud clínica de esta enfermedad con patologías malignas mamarias, asociado a su baja prevalencia, dificultan la pesquisa de casos como el expuesto. En los estudios de imágenes raramente se sospecha. La clave del diagnóstico son los hallazgos histológicos en el que característicamente se observa emperipolesis con tinciones inmunohistoquímicas positivas para S 100 y negativo para CD 1. Dado que es una enfermedad benigna y autolimitada su tratamiento generalmente se limita a la resección quirúrgica. Este permite extirpar el tumor en estudio, realizar el diagnóstico, y aliviar la sintomatología producida por el efecto masa de la lesión. A pesar de lo anterior la recidiva es alta, por lo que el seguimiento debe ser a largo plazo.

Actualización del síndrome de ovario poliquístico y su importancia en dermatología / Update of polycystic ovary syndrome and its importance in dermatology

El Síndrome de Ovario Poliquístico es un trastorno endocrino común que afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva que puede causar problemas metabólicos y deterioro psicosocial importante. Las manifestaciones dermatológicas más frecuentes del hiperandrogenismo incluyen acné, hirsutismo y alopecia, cuyo reconocimiento es esencial para hacer un diagnóstico precoz. Las modalidades de tratamiento incluyen terapia hormonal con el objetivo de modular la producción de andrógenos y su acción, así como tratamientos no hormonales dirigidos a condiciones dermatológicas específicas.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, which can cause metabolic, reproductive and psychosocial impairment. The most common skin manifestations of hyperandrogenism are acne, hirsutism and alopecia, whose recognition is essential for early diagnosis. There are several treatment modalities, including hormonal therapy in order to modulate androgen production and their effects, as well as other non hormonal treatments targeted to specific dermatologic conditions.

Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud KIDSCREEN-27 en adolescentes chilenos / Psychometric properties of the quality of life questionnaire health related KIDSCREEN-27 in Chilean adolescents

Background: KIDSCREEN-52, which assesses health related quality of life in adolescents, has been adapted and validated in Chile showing excellent psychometric properties. There is a shorter version of the instrument, whose psychometric properties must be assessed. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument KIDSCREEN-27 in Chilean adolescents. Material and Methods: A secondary analysis of the database obtained for the adaptation and validation of KIDSCREEN-52. Results: The reliability, calculated through Cronbach’s alpha, for the entire instrument (five dimensions) was 0.89. For physical well-being, psychological well-being, autonomy and relationship with parents and peer social support dimensions, scores were higher than 0.75 while for school environment, the score was 0.69. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the indices obtained to assess the goodness of fit in this study were a χ2 (314) = 10521.4, a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.064 and a Comparative Fit index = 0.96. KIDSCREEN-27 scores were higher among men in the physical well-being, psychological well-being, autonomy and relationship with parents dimensions and among women in social support and peers and school environment dimensions. Scores were higher in younger age groups. Conclusions: The Chilean version of KIDSCREEN-27 instrument has adequate reliability and validity.

Actualización: uso de isotretinoína oral en rosácea / Update: use of oral isotretinoin in rosacea

La rosácea es una dermatosis facial inflamatoria crónica caracterizada por periodos intermitentes de exacerbación y remisión. La etiología es desconocida y factores genéticos y ambientales están involucrados en su desarrollo. El tratamiento tópico y sistémico controla la rosácea en forma parcial. La Isotretinoína oral es útil por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias,inmunomoduladoras y de reducción del flujo sanguíneo.

Rosacea is a chronic facial inflammatory dermatoses characterized by intermittent periods of clinical exacerbation and remission. The etiology is unkown. Genetic and external factors are involved in the pathogenesis. Topical and oral treatments partially control the disease. Oral Isotretinoin can be useful because of the antiinflammatory, inmumodulating actions and because it reduce the blood flow.

Hidrosadenitis supurativa (Parte I) / Hdradenitis suppurativa (Part I)

La hidradenitis supurativa es una entidad crónica, debilitante, que afecta las regiones axilares, perineo y submamarias. Se describe una prevalencia del 4 por ciento y su causa tiene que ver con oclusión folicular más que con un proceso de inflamación o de infección de las glándulas apocrinas. Su inicio es en la pubertad con nódulos inflamatorios recurrentes que se rompen espontáneamente o coalescen formando lesiones dérmicas y abscesos dérmicos profundos y dolorosos que dejan eventualmente cicatrices fibrosas, extensas y deformantes. Los tratamientos médicos clásicos o más recientes como inhibidores de FNT- alfa se pueden realizar en etapas tempranas pero la cirugía y últimamente el láser es lo que da mejor resultado en etapas más avanzadas. En esta primera parte abordamos el tema con su epidemióloga, etiología, clínica, diagnóstico y diagnóstico diferencial. En la parte II se revisará enfermedades asociadas, complicaciones y tratamiento.

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic and often debilitating disease affecting primaraly the axillae, perineum, and inframammary regions. A prevalence of 4 percent has been estimated and its etiology includes follicular occlusion rather than an inflammatory and infectious process of the apocrine glands. It start usually in puberty with recurrent inflammatory nodules, that rupture spontaneously or coalesce forming painful and deep dermal abscesses followed eventually by extensive, fibrous and disfigured scars. Medical treatments are useful ininitial stages of the disease like alpha tumor necrosis factor inhibitors but surgery and recently lasers are the solution for better results in advanced stages. In this first section epidemiology, etiology, clinical picture, diagnosis and differential diagnosis are reviewed. In the second section associated diseases, complications and treatment will be revised.

Adaptación transcultural y validación de un instrumento de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes chilenos / Validation of an instrument to measure health-related quality of life in Chilean children and adolescents

Background: KIDSCREEN-52 is an instrument to assess health related quality of life in children and adolescents. Aim: To culturally adapt and validate the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire in Chileans. Material and Methods: Two independent translations from the English Spanish language were conciliated and retranslated to English. The conciliated version was tested during a cognitive interview to adolescents of different socioeconomic levels. The final version was validated in 7,910 school attending adolescents. Results: In the cross-cultural adaptation, 50 of the 52 items presented low or medium levels of difficulty and a high semantic equivalence. Distribution according to gender, grades and types of schools was similar to the sample. Single ages were not affected by sex distribution. The Confirmatory Factor Analyses were: X² (1229) = 20996.7, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .045 and Comparative Fit Index = .96. The instrument had a Cronbach’s alpha of .93. The domains had scores over 0.70 points, with the exception of the "Selfperception" domain, with a score of 0.62. Conclusions: The Chilean version of KIDSCREEN-52 is culturally appropriate and semantically equivalent in its English and Spanish versions (from Spain). Its reliability and validity were adequate.

Características del fenómeno de las drogas en estudiantes de la Universidad Libre Seccional Pereira / Characteristics of the drug phenomenon in students at the Universidad Libre Seccional Pereira

Objetivo: Caracterizar el consumo de drogas en la Universidad Libre de Pereira en el año 2009,para diseñar políticas institucionales que busquen prevenir y reducir su prevalencia y mejorar la calidad de vida de los estudiantes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo en una población de 3500 estudiantes, distribuidos en 9 programas académicos. Se diseñó una muestra representativa con un nivel de confianza del 95%, un error del 5% y una proporción de pérdida del 30%; se aplicó una encuesta en forma auto-administrada. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo actual de las sustancias, de mayor a menor fueron: alcohol (71,1%), tabaco (23,5%), bebidas energéticas (21,5%),marihuana (9,7%) y éxtasis (1,5%). Se observó un consumo mayor de alcohol en hombres (78,8%)que en mujeres (66,5%) (P=0,04) y que a mayor riesgo percibido de una sustancia el consumo era menor. Recomendación: Se deben desarrollar estrategias dentro del campus universitario para el fortalecimiento de la salud física, mental, espiritual y emocional de los estudiantes donde se propenda por la atención primaria, el auto-cuidado y los estilos de vida saludables.

Objective: Characterize the drugs consumption at Universidad Libre of Pereira in 2009 to design institutional policies that seek to prevent and reduce prevalence and improve the quality of student life. Methods: Prospective descriptive study in a population of 3500 students in 9 academic programs. A designed a cross studies with a confidence level of 95%, an error of 5% and loss ratios of 30% were surveyed in a self-administered. Results: The prevalence of current use of substances, indescending order was: alcohol (71,1%), Tobacco (23,5%), energy drinks (21.5%), marijuana (9.7 %) andecstasy (1.5%).There was a higher alcohol consumption in men (78.8%) than women (66.5%) (P = 0.04) and that the higher the perceived risk of substance consumption was lower. Recommendation:Developing strategies within the university campus to strengthen the physical, mental, spiritual and emotional development of students which aims for primary care, self-care and healthy lifestyles.

Amigdalectomía en pacientes con asimetría amigdalina: análisis histopatológico y factores de riesgo de malignidad / Tonsillectomy in patients with tonsillar asymmetry: histopathological analysis and risk factors for malignancy

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is the most frequent ENT (ear nose and throat) surgery. An absolute indication is suspicion of a malignant tumor. Therefore the importance of determine whose patients are inherent to that risk. Objective: To conduct a histopathological analysis of asymmetrical tonsillar biopsies, correlate clinical suspicion of tumor with biopsy results, and compare patients with exclusive tonsillar asymmetry versus tonsillar asymmetry plus others symptoms or signs suggestive of malignant pathology. Methods: Retrospective analysis of tonsillar biopsies processed from patients diagnosed with tonsillar asymmetry at HCUCH (Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile), February 2003 through June 2006 period. Two groups were selected: Exclusive tonsillar asymmetry (Group A) and asymmetry associated with clinical findings suggestive of malignancy (Group B). Results: 2083 Tonsillectomies, from which 135 (6,48 percent) where sent to biopsy. Of these, 41 (30,3 percent) had been diagnosed as tonsillar asymmetry (2 percent from total). 23 female and 18 male, age range: 2- 73 years old, (Average age: 27 years), 9patients had tonsillar asymmetry associated to a clinical suspicion finding of malignant pathology, while 32 patients had exclusive asymmetry. Group A histopathological analysis informed as Chronic Inflammation in 24 cases (75 percent), chronic inflammation plus actinomyces presence in 8 cases (25 percent), no malignant pathology; correlation Obs. Tumor/Real tumor: 4/0 = 0 percent. Group Bhistopathological analysis informed as chronic inflammation: 4 (44,4 percent), chronic Inflammation plus actinomyces presence 2 (22,2 percent), Squamous papilloma 1 (11,1 percent), Squamous Carcinoma 1 (11,1 percent), Lymphoma 1 (11,1 percent); correlation Obs. Tumor/Real Tumor: 6/3 = 50 percent. Discussion: Tonsillar asymmetry corresponded to 31 percent of tonsillectomies prescriptions in our center.

Estrategias de afrontamiento del equipo de enfermería de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Med-Quirúrgicos Hospital Regional Concepción posterremoto y Tsunami 27/02 / Coping strategies of the nursing staff of an intensive care unit after the earthquake and tsunami 27/02

Introducción: El terremoto y tsunami ocurrido recientemente en nuestro país, ha producido una crisis abrupta en la sociedad. El ambiente hospitalario ha debido actuar rápidamente frente al rescate, pero las capacidades de los funcionarios para hacerle frente a una nueva amenaza se desconocen, para esto se explora la teoría de Callista Roy “Proceso de afrontamiento y adaptación”. Objetivo: Conocer las estrategias de afrontamiento del equipo de enfermería de la UCI, HGGB. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo relacional con muestra probabilística estratificada, con n =57. Se utiliza el instrumento “Estrategias de Afrontamiento y Adaptación de "Callista Roy" aplicándose a los profesionales de enfermería, paramédicos y auxiliares de servicio de la unidad. Los puntajes se dividen en 5 factores, tres de ellos miden el comportamiento generado frente a un estímulo estresante y los otros 2 miden el tipo de estrategia de afrontamiento. Resultados: el 91 por ciento de los funcionarios son mujeres, el promedio de edad es de 35 años, el promedio de años de servicio es de 8,6 +/- 9 años. El 3,5 por ciento de los funcionarios tiene una baja capacidad de afrontamiento y adaptación, mientras que 96,5 por ciento presenta una alta capacidad. A través de la prueba de χ2 se determina que existe una buena asociación entre el tipo de reacción referido por los funcionarios y el puntaje obtenido en ESCAPS para medir el tipo de reacción física y enfocada. La prueba de t- student determina diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la edad, los años de servicio y el factor 4 de ESCAPS. Conclusiones: El equipo de enfermería posee un alta capacidad capacidad para enfrentar situaciones estresantes, reacciona con actitudes alertas, centradas y recursivas, y utiliza estrategias de afrontamiento sistemáticas. La edad de funcionario y los años de servicio se relacionan con una mejor capacidad de generar estrategias de afrontamiento.

Introduction: The recent earthquake and tsunami has produced a crisis in society. The hospital had to act quickly against the bailout, but the staff ability to face a new threat is unknown, the coping capacity is explores trough the middle-range theory of Callista Roy “Coping and Adaptation Processing” Objective: Determinate the coping strategies of the nursing staff of ICU, HGGB. Methodology: A descriptive relational stratified random sample with n = 57. It’s used Roy’s “Coping and Adaptation Processing Scale” to apply to nurses, paramedics and auxiliary service. The scores are divided into 5 factors, three of them, measures the behavior generated against a stressor and the other two, measures the type of coping strategy. Results: 91 percent of staff are women, 54.4 percent consists of paramedical, followed by nurses with 31, 6 percent and auxiliary service at 14 percent. The average years of service are 8.6 +/- 9 years. 3.5 percent of staff has a low capacity for coping and adaptation, while 96.5 percent has a high capacity. Through a Pearson’s x2 to determine that there is a good association between the types of reaction reported by staff and their scores on CAPS to measure the kind of physical reaction and focused. The T- score determined statistically significant differences between ages, years of service and the factor 4 CAPS. Conclusions: The nursing team has a high ability to cope with stressful situations, reacts with alertness, focused and resourceful and coping strategies used systematic. The age and years of service are related to the ability to generate coping strategies.

Caracterización de queso chanco enriquecido con suero lácteo en polvo / Characterization of chanco cheese enriched with powder milkwhey

The influence by the addition of whey proteins on the biochemical changes in Chanco cheese ripening was evaluated. 4 treatments were set up: TC (control), and TI, T2 and T3 adding milk whey powder at 2, 4, 6 percent (m/m) respectively using a factorial design 3 x4 (4 treatments by 3 repetitions). In pH control, humidity, fat, total solids, proteins, ashes and salt at 0, 14, 28 and 42 days, standardized methods were used: IDF-FIL, AOAC and Chilean guidelines. Color by colorimeter Color test LFM1, water activity by the LUF analyzer and by the formula. In the sensorial evaluation the test of Multiple Comparison (4 attributes) was used. The results showed that glycolysis increased during ripening in treatments with whey. Moisture, fat and ashes increased at T2 & T3, and water activity decreased slowly in cheeses. Control and TI in texture profile were statistically equal. It is concluded that whey addition to Chanco cheese it is feasible but limited.

Se evaluó la influencia ejercida por el agregado de proteínas séricas, sobre los cambios bioquímicos ocurridos en la maduración del Chanco. Se plantearon cuatro tratamientos: TC (control), y TI, T2 y T3 con agregado de 2,4, 6 por ciento (m/m) de suero en polvo, respectivamente, usando un diseño factorial de 3 x 4 (4 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones). En el control de pH, humedad, materia grasa, sólidos totales, proteína, cenizas y sal, a los 0, 14, 28 y 42 días, se usaron métodos estandarizados, IDF-FIL, AOAC y Normas Chilenas. Color instrumental por el colorímetro Color Tester LFM 1, aw por el analizador LUF y por fórmula. En la evaluación sensorial se usó el test de Comparación Múltiple (4 atributos). Los resultados indican que en los tratamientos con suero la glicólisis se prolonga durante la maduración. Humedad, grasas y cenizas se incrementan en T3 y T4 y la actividad de agua (aw) desciende más lentamente en esos quesos. En el perfil textural resultan estadísticamente iguales el Control y TI. Se concluye que la adición de suero al proceso de Queso Chanco es factible pero en niveles limitados.

Importancia de la historia familiar en el cáncer de mama y ovario

Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una paciente, quien acudió para evaluación ginecológica. La misma resultó clínicamente sana pero en su grupo familiar destaca la alta frecuencia de cáncer de mama y de ovario, lo cual indujo a sospechar alto riesgo para el cáncer de mama hereditario (CaMH); a propósito del mismo se revisa esta patología y se resalta la importancia de la historia familiar. Caso clínico: Mujer de 25 años de edad, que acude a la consulta para realizar control ginecológico. Diagnóstico: paciente clínicamente sana, pero con antecedentes familiares, de alta frecuencia de cáncer de mama (CaM) y cáncer de ovario, razón por la cual se procede a investigar al grupo familiar. Se revisan las historias clínicas del archivo del IAHULA y se entrevistan los familiares. Familia no consanguínea, padres sanos, mayores de 70 años sin cáncer, 3 hermanos y 7 hermanas. Cuatro hermanas fallecieron en un periodo de 9 años, en edades comprendidas entre 24 y 35 años: 3 por CaM y 1 por Ca de ovario, tía materna con CaM y abuela paterna con probable Ca de ovario (síndrome ascítico no ictérico) ambas fallecidas en el medio rural. Antecedentes personales de las 4 hermanas fallecidas: menarquia en promedio de 12.3 años, paridad y lactancia 2/4, nulípara 2/4, ninguna obesa, ni hábitos alcohólicos. Al momento del diagnóstico todas en estadios avanzados de cáncer. Tipo histopatológico del CaM: ductal infiltrante poco diferenciado (2/3), lobulillar y medular (2/3); bilateral (1/3); sin determinar receptores de estrógeno, progesterona o andrógenos. Metástasis a cerebro y pulmón (2/3) durante tratamiento. En ovario: cistoadenoma mucinoso, estadio IV, recidiva al año a pesar del tratamiento. Sobrevida de 3 meses a 3 años. A la paciente se le recomendó realizar el estudio genético para poder precisar el riesgo de padecer cáncer de Mama y ovario Hereditario (CaMH) y establecer las medidas de vigilancia. Conclusiones: Se recomienda que ante una paciente con antecedentes familiares de CaM, se investigue a fondo su historia familiar, la cual aún en ausencia de marcadores genéticos, permite sospechar la presencia de un CaMH el cual requiere de un protocolo de prevención y vigilancia diferente al CaM esporádico.

Objective: To present the case of a patient, who went for a gynecological assessment. She was healthy but in his family group stressed a high frequency of breast and ovarian cancer, which led to suspect high risk for hereditary breast cancer (HBCa). This condition is reviewed, highlighting the importance of family history. Case report: A 25 year old woman who consults for a gynecological examination. Healthy patient with a high frequency of breast cancer (BCa) in her family. Not consanguineous family. Healthy parents, 3 brothers and 6 sisters. Four sisters died within a period of 9 years, aged between 24 and 35 years old: 3 from BCa and 1 from ovarian cancer. Maternal aunt with BCa and paternal grandmother with ovarian cancer. Personal history of the 4 deceased sisters: average age of menarche 12.3 years, parity and lactation 2/4, nulliparous 2/4, no obesity, nonalcoholic habits. Initial diagnosis in advanced stages of cancer. Histopathological type of BCa: poorly differentiated (2/3), lobular and medullary (2/3); bilateral 1/3; lung and brain metastases during treatment (2/3). In ovarian: mucinous cystadenoma stage IV, recurrence in one year despite treatment. Survival between 3 months and 3 years. The patient is recommended to perform the genetic study in order to clarify the risk of suffering BCa and surveillance measures. Conclusions: It is recommended in a patient with a family history of BCa, to carry out a thorough investigation of family history, which, even in the absence of genetic markers, allows to suspect the presence of hereditary breast cancer.

Prevalencia de infección cervical por Chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres de la Región Metropolitana / Prevalence of cervical infection by Chlamydia trachomatis among Chilean women living in the Metropolitan Región

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worídwide. In women, chlamydia infections are 75 percent asymptomatic and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Infants exposed to the microorganism at birth also have a high risk to develop conjunctivitis and pneumonía. Aim: To determine the prevalence of C trachomatis in women in the Metropolitan área of Santiago (Chile). Patients and methods: Cervical specimens were collected from 403 women attending three gynecological outpatient settings from Apríl 2003 to June 2005. These included one public hospital (n =100), a prívate medical center (n =268), and a clinic for adolescents (n =35). Mean ages ofeach group of patients were 35.6±8,2, 33.4±8.1 and 16.9±4.2 years, respectively. The diagnosis of C trachomatis was performed by the amplification byPCRofa 517-base pair segment of the cryptic plasmid on specimens extracted by a commercial procedure. Positive specimens were conñrmed by nested PCRs targeting the ompl gene. The presence of vaginal infections and its association with C trachomatis was investigated in a subset of 223 women ofthe prívate center. Residís: C trachomatis was detected in the cervix of 19 out of 403 women, resulting in a prevalence of 4.7 percent. The distribution of positive cases among different age groups was not significantly different. Women presenting with bacterial vaginosis had a significantly higher prevalence of C trachomatis infection (p <0.01). Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of C trachomatis among gynecologic patients that should prompt preventive strategies.