Pharmacological and histopathological study of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis - comparison of the effects of dexamethasone and Mesna

Chemotherapy with oxazaphosphorines, such as cyclophosphamide (CYP), is often limited by unacceptable urotoxicity. Without uroprotection, hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) becomes dose-limiting. To compare the uroprotective efficacy of classical 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (Mesna) treatment with dexamethasone in CYP-induced HC, male Wistar rats (150-200 g; N = 6 in each group) were treated with saline or Mesna (40 mg/kg, ip) immediately and 4 and 8 h after ip administration of CYP (200 mg/kg). One, 2 or 3 doses of Mesna were replaced with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, ip). The animals were sacrificed 24 h later. Cystitis was evaluated by determining the changes in bladder wet weight (BWW) and by macroscopic and microscopic analysis. CYP treatment induced a marked increased in BWW 162 percent 0.05, which was significantly inhibited by treatment with 3 doses of Mesna 0.05; 80 percent. The replacement of 1 or 2 doses of Mesna with dexamethasone reduced the increase in BWW by 83.3 and 95 percent, respectively. Macroscopic analysis of the bladder of rats with CYP-induced HC showed severe edema and hemorrhage, confirmed by microscopic analysis, that also showed mucosal erosion, inflammatory cell infiltration and ulcerations. The replacement of 1 or 2 doses of Mesna with dexamethasone inhibited the CYP-induced increase in BWW and almost abolished the macroscopic and microscopic alterations, with no significant difference between the effects of Mesna and dexamethasone, indicating that both drugs were efficient in blocking HC. However, although the replacement of all Mesna doses with dexamethasone reduced the edema, it did not prevent HC, suggesting that Mesna is necessary for the initial uroprotection

Biosensor de ácido úrico para determinaçäo em fluxo contínuo / Uric acid biosensor for continuous flow determination

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um biosensor para dosagens de ácido úrico no soro humano. A uricase foi imobilizada em pasta de grafite modificada usando TCNQ como mediador e então, pressionada sobre um eletrodo de outo. A corrente elétrica produzida pela reação enzimática foi diretamente proporcional à concentração de ácido úrico presente na amostra. Este sistema demonstrou uma sensibilidade linear entre 12.5 muM a 250 muM de solução de ácido úrico. O sistema foi testado usando medições em fluxo contínuo (FIA).

The aim of this work was to develop a biosensor to determine uric acid concentration in human serum. Uricase was immobilized in modified graphite paste using TCNQ as a mediator and then packed onto a gold electrode. The current produced by the enzyme reaction was proportional to the uric acid concentration in the sample. The response of this system showed a linear sensivity between concentrations of 12.5 µM and 250 ~tM uric acid solutions. The system was tested using flow injection analysis (FIA).