Estudio etnozoológico de los vertebrados silvestresde la comunidad Bonifacio García, Morelos, México / Ethnozoological study of wild vertebrates of the Bonifacio Garcia community, Morelos, Mexico

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el conocimiento etnozoológico que conservan de los vertebrados silvestres los habitantes de la comunidad Bonifacio García en Morelos, México. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 30 informantes clave, mediante la observación participante y recorridos guiados se buscaron rastros como huellas, excretas, madrigueras, pieles y observación in vivo para la identificación de las especies citadas y se calcularon los siguientes índices: valor de diversidad de uso para cada especie (VDE) y de uso medicinal (VDM), así como el índice de diversidad de las enfermedades tratadas (IVDE). Se reportan 41 especies de vertebrados que los entrevistados reconocen, de los cuales 28 son aprovechados: mamíferos 39.3%, aves 32%, reptiles 18%, peces 7.1% y anfibios 3.6%. Los principales valores de uso fueron alimentario (0.54), medicinal (0.46) y ornamental (0.43). El venado cola blanca, la iguana negra y la víbora de cascabel registraron 0.57 de VDE y un VDM de 0.19. Las principales enfermedades tratadas son: cáncer, afecciones respiratorias, enfermedades de la piel y reumatismo con un IVDE de 0.17. La apropiación de los vertebrados silvestres se lleva a cabo por medio de la cacería de subsistencia en el campo (50%), terrenos de cultivo (43%) y el traspatio (7%) utilizando con mayor frecuencia escopeta como arma de captura. Se concluye que la apropiación de vertebrados permite complementar necesidades básicas de alimentación y salud; por lo que los conocimientos etnozoológicos deben de integrarse a políticas públicas que permitan la conservación y manejo de la fauna silvestre en la comunidad.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the ethnozoological knowledge that the inhabitants of the Bonifacio García community, Morelos, Mexico, conserve about wild vertebrate. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 30 key informants, through participant observation and guided tours, traces such as footprints, excreta, burrows and pelts and in vivo observation were researched for the identification of the mentioned species and the following indexes were calculated: value of diversity of use for each species (VDS) and of medicinal uses (DVM), as well as the diversity index of the treated diseases (DITD). The study recorded a total of 42 wild vertebrate species, of these 28 are used: mammals 39.3%, birds 32%, reptiles 18%, fish 7.1% and amphibia 3.6%. The main use values were alimentary (0.54), medicinal (0.46) and ornamental (0.43). The white-tailed deer, the black iguana and the rattlesnake registered 0.57 of VDS and a DVM of 0.19. The main diseases treated are cancer, respiratory and skin diseases and rheumatism with an DITD of 0.17. The animals are obtained by means of subsistence hunting in the fields (50%), croplands (43%) and backyards (7%), using most frequently shotguns as arms for capture. We conclude that the appropriation of vertebrates complements basic needs for food and health; therefore, ethnozoological knowledge must be integrated into public policies that enable the conservation and management of wild fauna in the community.

Two-handed assisted laparoscopic surgery: Evaluation in an animal model

Purposes To evaluate in an animal model the feasibility of a novel concept of hand-assisted surgery consisting of inserting two hands into the abdomen instead of one. The chosen procedure was retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L-RPLND) that was performed in five pigs. Surgical Technique A Pfannestiel and a transverse epigastric incisions were made through which both hands were introduced. The scope was inserted through the umbilicus. The colon was moved medially and the dissection was performed as in open surgery using short conventional surgical instruments. Comments The surgery was fulfilled easily and safely in quite a similar way as in open surgery. Two-handed laparoscopy may be indicated in cases that still today require an open approach as apparently makes the operation easier and significantly shortens the surgery time. However, new opinions and trials are required. .

Certificación y recertificación de especialistas en reumatología: una mirada desde CONACEM / Certification and recertification of specialists in rheumatology: a look from CONACEM

Desde 1984 la Corporación Nacional Autónoma de Certificación de Especialidades Médicas (CONACEM) ha certificado a 12.665 especialistas médicos en Chile. La disciplina de Reumatología inició su certificación en 1985, habiendo certificado hasta diciembre de 2013 a 106 especialistas. Para la certificación existen tres vías posibles: a) Haber aprobado un Programa de Formación Universitario Acreditado, lo que hizo el 37 por ciento de los postulantes; b) Cumplir los requisitos de Adiestramiento en Práctica durante cinco años, como sucedió con el 58 por ciento de los postulantes, y c) Haber sido formado en el extranjero de acuerdo a programas convalidados (5 por ciento). Existen dos programas universitarios acreditados, de dos años de duración, con un cupo total anual de ocho alumnos; ambos se desarrollan en Santiago. Salvo los médicos aprobados en los Programas Universitarios acreditados, el resto de los postulantes requirió aprobar un examen práctico, y desde 2002, además, un examen escrito, como requisito para dar el práctico, y que ha resultado con 0 por ciento de reprobación en el período de 12 años. Las certificaciones dadas hoy tienen una duración de 10 años al inicio y serán de siete años en la recertificación. La caducidad de las certificaciones está aparejada al proceso de recertificación, de lo cual se discuten las razones que lo avalan; se presentan los requisitos y una tabla de créditos a cumplir, elaborada por CONACEM. La legislación vigente, y en proceso, requiere la actuación de al menos una entidad certificadora, condición que ha sido otorgada legalmente en forma única por el Ministerio de Salud a CONACEM a partir del 11/02/2014...

Since 1984, 12.665 different medical specialists have been certified in Chile by the Corporación Autónoma de Certificación de Especialidades Médicas (CONACEM). The certification in Rheumatology specialty was initiated in 1985 reaching 106 candidates approved until December 2013. Three ways are available to achieve certification: a) to be approved by a reputable university program in the specialization; this way has been used by 37 percent of postulants. b) to fulfill the requirements of a 5 years practical training program, as 58 percent of postulants did; c) to have passed a training program abroad, similar to those in force in Chile (5 percent). There are 2 two-year-long reputable university programs with a total annual capacity of 8 students; both programs are developed in Santiago. With the exception of doctors completing reputable university programs, others postulants are require to pass a five days practical examination. Since 2002 a written test has been added, which must be taken and approved as a condition of the practical examination. Written examinations have demonstrated 100 percent approval in 12 years. Extended certifications currently have a 10 years duration for the first time and 7 years for subsequent recertification. Revocation of certification involves installing a recertification mechanism. The reasons that support the recertification are analyzed, and also present the requirements to obtaining it. Current legislation requires that certification and recertification are done by accrediting entities. CONACEM has been legally recognized by de Ministery of Health since February 2014 as the unique entity to perform that labor...

Propiedades antibacterianas in vitro de metabolitos secundarios aislados de dos especies del género Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) / Antibacterial properties in vitro of secondary metabolites isolated from two species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) genus

Actualmente las enfermedades infecciosas originadas por diferentes microorganismos, son una de las mayores causas de muerte a nivel mundial, razón por la que la búsqueda de nuevos agentes antimicrobianos se ha hecho indispensable, y los productos naturales han constituido una de las fuentes potenciales para encontrar compuestos antimicrobianos. Las especies del género Zanthoxylum se caracterizan por presentar diversos tipos de metabolitos secundarios, muchos de los cuales han mostrado interesantes propiedades biológicas contra diversos microorganismos patógenos humanos. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de 21 sustancias aisladas de 2 especies del género Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae). La actividad fue determinada por el método de difusión radial en agar contra cepas de bacterias estándar grampositivas: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 y Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 y gramnegativas: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Salmonella tiphymurium, cepas ATCC 14028s y MS7953. De las 21 sustancias naturales evaluadas, 11 causaron algún grado de inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano. El alcaloide benzofenantridínico queleritrina presentó la mayor actividad, e inhibió el crecimiento de las 5 cepas con halos de inhibición comparables o superiores a los mostrados por los antibióticos empleados como controles positivos. Los alcaloides isoquinolínicos en general, son las sustancias más promisorias para continuar con estudios más específicos de actividad antibacteriana, pues además de presentar una actividad interesante, algunas de estas sustancias inhiben tanto el crecimiento de bacterias grampositivas como el de bacterias gramnegativas, lo cual indica que son sustancias que presentan actividad antibacteriana de amplio espectro.

Currently, infectious diseases caused by different microorganisms are one of major causes of death worldwide, so the search for new antimicrobial agents has become indispensable, being the natural products one potential source to find antimicrobial compounds. The species of Zanthoxylum genus are characterized by different types of secondary metabolites, many of which exhibit interesting biological properties against several human pathogens. In this research work, the antibacterial activity of 21 substances isolated from two species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) genus was evaluated. It was determined by agar radial diffusion method against standard strains of Gram (+) bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Gram (-) bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella tiphymurium, strains ATCC 14028s and MS7953. Of the 21 natural substances evaluated, 11 caused some degree of bacterial growth inhibition. The benzophenanthridine alkaloid called chelerythrine showed the greatest anti-bacterial activity when inhibiting the growth of five strains with inhibition zones comparable or superior to those exhibited by the antibiotics used as positive controls. Isoquinoline alkaloids are the most promising substances for further specific studies of antibacterial activity; in addition to their interesting action, some of these substances are able to inhibit the growth of Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, thus indicating their broad spectrum antibacterial action.

Actividad antibacteriana de terpenoides y alcaloides aislados de tres plantas colombianas / Antibacterial activity of terpenes and alkaloids isolated from three Colombian plants

El potencial antibacteriano de 14 compuestos obtenidos de 3 especies nativas colombianas (Pleurothyrium cinereum [van der Werff], Esenbeckia alata [Karst & Triana], y Raputia heptaphylla [Pittier]) fue evaluado mediante la inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano por el método de difusión en agar contra 4 cepas bacterianas: Enterococcus faecalis 29212, Staphylococcus aureus 6539, Escherichia coli 25922 y Salmonella tiphymurium 14028s. Los compuestos evaluados mostraron actividad frente a las cepas a diferentes niveles, observando una tendencia y selectividad según el núcleo base. El alcaloide 4-metoxi-1-metil-quinolin-2-(1H)-ona (8) fue el compuesto que presentó la mayor actividad.

The antibacterial potential of 14 compounds obtained from three native Colombian species( [Pleurothyrium cinereum [van der Werff], Esenbeckia alata [Karst & Triana], Reputia heptaphylla [Pittier]) was assessed by agar diffusion method versus four bacterial species: Enterococcus faecalis 29212, Staphylococcus aureus 6539, Escherichia coli 25922 and Salmonella tiphymurium 14028s. The assessed compounds showed activity versus strains at different levels, maintaining a trend and selectivity according the base nucleus. The 4-methoxi-1-methyl-quinolin-2-(1H) alkaloid, other (8) was the compound with the highest activity.

Consideraciones éticas sobre el papel de la nutrición parenteral domiciliaria: Tratamiento conservador de la obstrucción intestinal en pacientes con cáncer avanzado / Ethical considerations on the paper of the domiciliary parenteral nutrition: Preservative treatment of the intestinal obstruction in patients with advanced cancer

El uso de la nutrición artificial en pacientes con cáncer avanzado sin tratamiento curativo continúa siendo objeto de controversia y conlleva una considerable carga emocional. Sin embargo, este grupo de pacientes constituye la primera indicación en los programas de nutrición parenteral a domicilio (NPD), en la mayoría de series, a uno y otro lado del Atlántico. Objetivo: presentar las características de una serie de pacientes incluidos en un programa de NPD en los últimos diez años y hacer una reflexión, desde el punto de vista de la bioética clínica, de su empleo en este tipo de pacientes. Método: estudio retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de los once pacientes que recibieron NPD en este periodo. Se recogieron los datos demográficos y clínicos y las complicaciones y evolución y se compararon con los del grupo de pacientes con enfermedad benigna que recibieron NPD en el mismo periodo. Se hizo una revisión extensa de la literatura sobre el uso de la técnica en estos pacientes. Resultados: once pacientes recibieron NPD, nueve a causa de una obstrucción intestinal irresoluble y dos por una fístula de alto débito. La edad media al inicio de la NPD fue de 50,8 ± 12,7 años, frente a los 37,3 ± 17,2 del grupo con enfermedad benigna. La duración media de la NPD fue sensiblemente inferior en el grupo de pacientes con cáncer. Ninguno de los que fueron incluidos en el programa continúa vivo. La calidad de vida, medida mediante una escala de actividad, fue similar, al inicio de la NPD, en ambos grupos. Solo en uno de los pacientes se suspendió la NPD antes de los 5 días previos al fallecimiento, por deterioro clínico. Los datos de la revisión bibliográfica muestran resultados similares a los comunicados en esta serie. Conclusiones: la NPD ofrece al paciente con cáncer avanzado y grave disfunción intestinal la posibilidad de tratamiento en su domicilio, con un bajo índice de complicaciones. Si consideramos la corta duración media de la NPD, la inclusión en el program...

Anticuerpos anti-tiroglobulina en el seguimiento de pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides: ¿marcadores de enfermedad residual o recidivante? / Anti thyroglobulin antibodies in the follow up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer

Background: Anti thyroglobulin antibodies are present in 25 percent of patients treated for a differentiated thyroid cancer, invalidating thyroglobulin determination. Those patients subjected to total thyroidectomy and free of disease, should reduce the production of these antibodies, due to the lack of antigenic stimulus. Therefore, anti thyroglobulin antibodies could be useful to detect early relapses. Aim: To assess the relationship between anti thyroglobulin antibodies and the evolution of the disease in patients treated for thyroid cancer. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 26 patients treated for thyroid cancer with positive anti thyroglobulin antibodies, followed for three years. These were divided in those with or without lymphocytic thyroiditis (19 and 7 respectively). Results: At the first year of follow up, anti thyroglobulin antibody concentration was 401ñ94.9 UI/ml (xñsem) in patients with thyroiditis and 38.9ñ8.9 UI/ml in those without thyroiditis (p < 0.005). During the three years of follow up, no differences in anti thyroglobulin antibodies were observed between patients with or without tumor relapse. Conclusions: Concentration of anti thyroglobulin antibodies was higher in patients with thyroiditis and did not differentiate patients with tumor relapse

Hamartoma hipotalámico, una causa de pubertad precoz: caso clínico / Hypothalamic hamartoma causing precocious puberty: report of 1 case

Hypothalamic hamartomas are non neoplastic lesions that may cause precocious puberty with or without complex seizures, personality disorders and mental retardation. We report a 14 years old male that had a precocious puberty at the age of 11 and a prolonged episode of altered sensorium with automatism, that was diagnosed as a complex seizure. Physical examination showed a sexual development classified as Tanner stage III-IV, a height of 168 cm and a weight of 61 kg. Neurological examination was normal. A CAT scan showed a 13x13x9 mm mass in the suprasellar cistern, between the infundibulum and the brain stem, without exerting a mass effect over adjacent structures. It was diagnosed as an hypothalamic hamartoma

Efecto de dosis bajas de calcitonina sobre la remodelación ósea en mujeres postmenopáusicas con alto recambio / Effects of low calcitonin doses on bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with high bone turnover rate

Background: Calcitonin is specially indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in women that cannot receive estrogen replacement therapy or that have a high bone turnover rate. Aim: To study the effects of low intranasal calcitonin doses on bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with a high bone turnover. Patients and methods: Forty one healthy women aged 56 ñ 6 years old, with a mean lapse after menopause of 7.6 ñ 6.5 years and with a high bone turnover rate, evidenced by an urinary hydroxyproline (mg/dl)/creatinine (g/dl) ratio of 52.4 ñ 7.2, were studied. They were randomly assigned to receive 100 or 50 U/calcitonin thrice a week during 3 months or to a control group that received placebo. All received 500 mg/day calcium carbonate. Urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio was measured a 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. Plasma bone fraction of alkanine phosphatases was measured at 0, 30 and 90 days. Results: Initial urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio and plasma bone fraction of alkanine phosphatases were similar in all study groups and there was no change in these parameters during the study period. Conclusions: Intranasal calcitonin in doses of 100 U thrice a week or less, does not modify accelerated bone turnover in postmenopausal women

Recambio óseo en nodrizas adolescentes: evaluación al término de la gestación, lactancia y postdestete / Bone turnover in lactating teenagers: assessment at the end of pregnancy during and after the breast feeding period

Background: There is paucity of information about bone metabolism during pregnancy or breast feeding in teenagers. Aim: To study bone turnover at the end of pregnancy and during breast feeding in teenagers and correlate it with environmental, hormonal or nutritional variables. Subjects and methods: Thirty teenagers during their breast feeding period after a first pregnancy and 30 nulliparous girls matched for age, age of menarche and body mass index were assessed three weeks after delivery (period 1), at six months of breast feeding (period 2) and one year after the lactating period (period 3). Calcium intake and plasma calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatases, parathormone, estradiol and prolactin were measured. Calcium, creatinine and hydroxyproline were also measured in a morning urine sample. Results: Lactating and control girls were aged 16.3ñ0.8 and 16.1ñ0.7 years old respectively. Calcium intake in lactating and control girls was 798ñ421 and 640ñ346 g/day respectively in period 1, 612ñ352 and 592ñ309 mg/day in period 2 and 495ñ180 and 456ñ157 g/day in period 3. During periods 1 and 2, lactating girls had higher alkaline phosphatases (161ñ37 compared to 119ñ28 U/l and 149ñ37 compared to 106ñ23 U/l), parathormone (4.3ñ2.6 compared to 2.8ñ0.8 ng/dl and 3.6ñ1.6 compared to 3.0ñ0.9 ng/dl) and urinary hydroxyproline (95ñ16 compared to 63ñ15 mg/g creatinine and 84ñ19 compared to 59ñ15 mg/g creatinine). No differences were observed in period 3. No correlation between bone turnover variables, body mass index or hormonal parameters, was observed. Conclusions: In teenagers, there is an increase in bone turnover at the end of pregnancy, that persists during the lactating period. These changes are not related to nutritional or hormonal variables

Autoanticuerpos anti-tiroglobulina: detección y posible interferencia en la medición de tiroglobulina en suero / Thyroglobulin autoantibodies: detection and possible interference in serum thyroglobulin measurement

Background: Thyroglobulin measurement is useful for the follow up of patients subjected to total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies may interfere with its determination. Aim: To measure thyroglobulin autoantibodies and their interference with thyroglobulin determination. Material and methods: The presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies was investigated in 801 serum samples sent to the laboratory for measurement of thyroglobulin levels. A serum was considered positive for these autoantibodies when radioactivity corresponding to 125I-thyroglobulin bound to thyroglobulin autoantibodies, precipitated with human gamma globulin, exceeded in 1.4 times that of a negative sera pool. In positive sera, thyroglobulin autoantibody concentration was measured and its interference with thyroglobulin radioimmunoassay was assessed through a recuperation test using exogenous thyroglobulin. Results: Thyroglobulin autoantibodies were detected in 149 sera (18.6 percent). Of these, 65 had a recuperation that fluctuated between 1 and 80 percent. Thyroglobulin autoantibody concentration was negatively correlated with recuperation percentages (r= -0.64; p <0.001) but not with thyroglobulin concentrations (r= 0.08). Thyroglobulin was higher in positive sera with a recuperation over 80 percent than in sera with a recuperation of less than 80 percent (12.7 ñ 1.7 and 5.9 ñ 0.6 ng/ml, respectively; p <0.001). Conclusions: Thyroglobulin autoantibodies interfere with thyroglobulin measurement by radioimmunoassay, sequestering variable amounts of thyroglobulin. The presence of these autoantibodies must be investigated prior to thyroglobulin determination

Hipertiroxinemia con eutiroidismo clínico: análisis a propósito de un caso / Hyperthyroxinemia and clinical euthyroidism: report of one case

The association of hyperthyroxinemia and euthyroidism is frequent and characterized by high plasma thyroxin concentrations, normal TSH values and absence of clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. We report an asymptomatic 28 years old male presenting with a serum total plasma thyroxin of 18.5 µg/dl (N 6.1-12.5), a free thyroxin of 2.9 ng/dl (N 0.8-1.4), a TSH of 3.4 µIU/ml (N 0.5-5), and a triiodothyronine of 128 ng/dl (N 80-180). Laboratory assessment did not find high thyroxin binding globulin, albumin or prealbumin concentrations or antithyroxin antibodies. The thyroxin binding capacity of albumin was elevated to 58.2 µg/dl (N 11.5-34.1). TSH responded normally to TRH stimulus and was suppressed with exogenous triiodothyronine, which caused an hyperthyroid syndrome. We concluded that this patient had a familial dysalbuminemia