Bone mineralization and body composition in turner syndrome

Females with Turner syndrome are at risk for decreased bone density from ovarian failure and possibly from haploin-sufficiency for bone-related X-chromosome genes. We studied the relation between bone density, anthropometry, body composition and chromosomal abnormalities in Turner syndrome. The study included 18 females with Turner syndrome. They were divided in two groups. Group A consisted of 12 cases with 45, X karyotype [classic Turner syndrome] and their mean age of 13.5 +/- 5.5 years. Group B included 6 cases with mosaic karyotype and their mean age of 16.3 +/- 4.2 years. Bone mineral density [BMD] was determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans [DEXA]. BMD was measured in the femoral neck [FN], lumber spine [LS], and forearm [FA]. Body composition was assessed using RJL body fat analyzer. Anthropometry was carried out for each case. Seventy-two percent of females investigated had osteope-nia. When BMD was expressed as z-scores [individual values compared to normal reference data matched for age and weight] for all cases at it was 0.587 +/- 0.10 at FN and was 0.630 +/- 0.17 at LS. In group A bone mineral density was decreased [osteope-nia] by 66.7% in FN, and 25% in LS. In group B bone mineral density was decreased by 66.7% in FN, and 50% in LS. When comparing females in group A with those of group B, there was no statistical difference in BMD at femur and spine. The ostopenia found in patients of group A and B was not related to type of X-chromosomal aberrations. Group A showed significant increase in TBW and Corinic index SDS as compared to group B. Body fat and lean percentages are similar in the two studied groups. Also, no correlation was found between BMD and body weight, body height, body fat or percentage body fat. Body composition changes seem to be more impressive in classic Turner patients, while BMD changes are similar in the two groups. Achieving optimal bone density is of critical importance for fracture prevention in TS

Egyptian neonatal body physique profile in different economic classes

It is generally accepted that the pattern of future growth and development of any child represent the results of interaction between hereditary and environmental factors. The goal of this study is to determine if there were differences in the body size at birth in the high versus low economic classes. This study was distinctive in the sampling of two economic classes [high and low] in Egypt, and the use of seven anthropometric measurements and indices in addition to birth weight. The sample consisted of 1961 singleton full tern Egyptian neonates of low [n=816] and high [n=1145] economic classes. Egyptian neonates of high economic class are significantly advanced than low economic ones in body length [L], and sub scapular skin fold thickness [Subscap SF], while neonates of low economic have significantly higher values than others in mid-upper-arm circumference [MAC], triceps skin fold thickness [TSF], body mass index [BMI] and mid upper arm circumference [cm]/head circumference [cm] [MAC/HC] ratio in each sex separately, and in birth weight [Wt] for girls only. On the other hand, the values of head circumference [HC] are the same in the two classes. The economic class has an impact on fat distribution [peripheral, trunkal] as well as linear growth of Egyptian neonates, but has no effect on HC at birth. There is a tendency towards increase in nutritional anthropometrical indicators among the Egyptian neonates belonging to the low economic class compared to those of High economic class

Stature estimation of ancient Egyptians from the Greco-Roman period

The aim of the study was to evaluate the stature estimation regression equations derived from the Egyptian sample from Giza Old Kingdom and those derived from another Egyptian sample from Naqada. The best equation was chosen on the basis of the least difference between the estimated and anatomical stature. The chosen regression equations were used to estimate the living stature of the Greco-Roman ancient Egyptians from Bahriyah Oasis. The material consists of 8 skeletons with at least one complete side and a number of disarticulated skeletal elements. The skeletons were excavated from big rocky tombs in Bahriyah Oasis and belonged to the Greco-Roman period [332-30 B.C]. The best bone for stature estimation has been found to be the femur for males and females. The estimated statures of the Greco-Roman ancient Egyptians based on the chosen equation were 163.3 cm and 153.9 cm for males and females respectively. Using equations derived from the Egyptian sample from Giza Old Kingdom is better for estimating the ancient Egyptian stature as it gives the least difference than the anatomical. Moreover, the Greco Roman ancient Egyptians were shorter than ancient Egyptians from Giza whose statures were 165.8 and 153.9 cm males and females respectively

Percentiles of blood pressure of Egyptian children and adolescents [3-17 years]

Blood pressure [BP] percentiles for Egyptian children and adolescents provide representative Egyptian BP levels and their use may be essential. The present study aimed to determine and describe levels of systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure [DBP] across age and gender of 22,072 healthy children and adolescents to drive reference percentiles for BP of Egyptian children and adolescents. It also aimed to assess the association between age, sex, height and BMI with BP in healthy Egyptian children and adolescents. The study is a cross-sectional one, including 22,072 healthy Egyptian children and adolescents [10997 boys and 11075 girls] at age range of 3 to 17 years from nurseries and private schools in Cairo and Giza Governorates. A questionnaire was designed including: Full medical and family history and full clinical examination and Height, weight and BP measurements for all subjects. The study results revealed that both systolic BPand Diastolic BP were significantly higher in Egyptian children compared to other ethnic groups and that BP is influenced by gender, age and height and body mass index [BMI]. The study recommends development of national strategy to reduce overweight and obesity during childhood

Blood pressure and body composition among Egyptian primary school children [6-11 years]

Many research spot on blood pressure levels during childhood to identify whom truly have high blood pressure reading or at high risk for the development of essential hypertension later in life. It is well known that body size and body composition are the most important risk factors and play a major role in blood pressure level determination. The aim of the present paper was to study the relationship between blood pressure with some anthropometric measurements and body composition [body fat percentage, fat free mass percentage, water percentage] among a sample of Egyptian primary school children of both sexes in Giza Governorate. This is a cross sectional study of 770 Egyptian children 524 boys and 225 girls, aged 6-11 years. Blood pressure [systolic and diastolic], weight, height, skin fold thickness [Triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac] beside waist and hip circumference were measured. Body Mass Index [BMI], waist/hip ratio and sum of skin-fold thickness were calculated. Body composition was determined using bioelectrical impedance. The Egyptian systolic blood pressure were [90.61 - 115.91 mmHg] and the Diastolic Blood pressure [60.2 - 73.51 mmHg]. Blood pressure was age dependant and significantly correlated with weight, height, BMI and sum of skin fold thickness for both sexes. Moreover blood pressure showed highly positive significant correlation with body fat percentage while it was negatively and significantly correlated with fat free mass and Total body water/weight [TB W/Wt] for both sexes. Egyptian children have higher blood pressure levels than other populations. BMI, as well as body fat% were positively correlated with blood pressure. However, Fat Free mass and total body water/weight were negatively correlated with blood pressure. Recommendation: Blood pressure should be measured during childhood period for early exploration of diseased children. Assessment of body composition can be a useful tool for understanding the situation of children at risk of developing hypertension