RESUMO
Objective: To determine association of p53 overexpression with hormone receptor status in breast carcinoma
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology in collaboration with Department of Oncology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from January 2017 to January 2018
Methodology: All adult female patients coming to Department of Oncology with reports of breast cancer biopsy and receptor status were included. Their age, type of surgery, grade of cancer, stage of cancer, and hormone receptor status were noted from records. P53 immunomarker was applied on tumor containing tissue blocks. Pearson Chi-square test was run for strength of association between the variables using SPSS V. 22
Results: Mean age of 91 patients at diagnosis was 48 years ±12.49. Fifty-five [60.4%] patients had ER positive tumors, 36 [39.6%] were ER negative, 53 [58.2%] had PR positive status, and 38 [41.8%] were negative. Same number was seen in HER2 neu staining. Out of 91 cases, 31 [34.1%] were p53 positive and 60 [65.9%] were negative. Out of 55 [60.4%] ER positive cases, 11 [12.1%] were positive for p53 and 44 [48.4%] were p53 negative [p<0.001]. PR positive cases [53/58.2%] showed p53 positivity in 7 [7.7%] and negativity in 46 [50.5%] cases [p< 0.001]. HER2 positive cases were positive for p53 stain in 8 [8.8%] and negative in 45 [49.5%] cases [p<0.001]. Fifteen [16.48%] biopsies were negative for all three hormone receptors. P53 was positive in all of these hormone receptor negative tumors [15/15, 100%], although 9 [60%] showed strong positivity and 6 [40%] exhibited weak staining intensity of p53
Conclusion: P53 overexpression is less frequent in hormone receptor positive breast cancers. However, hormone receptor negative [triple negative] tumors overwhelmingly overexpress p53 protein in tumor cells. P53, detected either immunohistochemically or serologically, can serve to predict poor prognosis and survival in breast cancer patients, unless newer anti-p53 treatments are introduced in Pakistan
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of typhoid fever on pharmacokinetic parameters of levofloxacin [LF] and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of the said antibiotic in healthy human volunteers and patients with typhoid fever. Total of 12 subjects were divided into two groups "A" [healthy volunteers] and "B" [typhoid patients]. Single oral dose of LF 500 mg was given and 5 mL of blood was collected from each subject at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 72 h. Plasma concentrations of LF were measured by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from plasma concentration-time data by using MW/PHARM pharmacological analysis. In healthy volunteers, the average pharmacokinetic parameters were as C[max] [6.79 Microg/mL], T[max] [1.84 h], T[½] [10.03 h], Ka [2.23 h[-1]], AUC [110.09 [micro]gh/mL], Vd [85.84 L], Cl [4.57 L/h] and in typhoid patients were C[max] [6.90 Microg/mL], T[max] [1.82 h], T[½] [9.42 h], Ka [2.21 h[-1]], AUC [105.55 [micro]gh/mL], Vd [64.31 L], Cl [4.75 L/h]. The difference between pharmacokinetic parameters of LF in healthy human volunteers and typhoid patients was calculated by using unpaired t-test. As the p-value in case of all pharmacokinetic parameters was more than 0.05, the difference between pharmacokinetic parameters in both healthy human volunteers and typhoid patients was insignificant. It is concluded that there is no need to adjust the dose of LF in typhoid patients
RESUMO
Objective: to find out the frequency of germ line BRCA gene mutations among our patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, unselected for age and family history of cancer
Material and Methods: a total of 75 women with histologically proven epithelial ovarian cancer were accrued and 20 cc of peripheral blood sample was collected from each subject and sent to the molecular laboratory of Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Centre in Toronto, Canada for detection of BRCA genes
Results: BRCA 1 and 2 genes mutations were found in 9 [12%] patients. BRCA 1 mutation was more common found in eight [88.8%] patients as compared to BRCA2 in 1 [11.2%] patient. Out of 9, six mutations were unique to our subjects and remaining three have also been reported in Dutch and Belgian families. All but one BRCA 1 mutation were found in exon 11. BRCA gene mutation was detected in 35.7% patients of with positive family history of breast and ovarian cancers. All four patients who had ovarian cancer as a second malignancy after breast cancer were positive for BRCA mutation
Conclusion: the frequency of ovarian cancer in our patients is comparable to what has been reported in Western literature. The correlation between family history and probability of finding gene mutation in these patients can be used to identify the families to be tested for the gene mutations. Genetic testing can identify women and their families at increased risk of ovarian cancer