Single arch treatment in class II div 1 malocclusion

Orthodontic treatment can improve mastication, speech and appearance, as well as overall health, comfort, and self-esteem. However, like many other interventions, orthodontic treatment has inherent risks and complications. Best way to avoid orthodontic treatment complications is to stay away from orthodontic appliances. Thus, if correcting malocclusion is to be of benefit, the advantages it offers should outweigh any possible damage. It is also important to implement risk control procedures during and after orthodontic treatment. Patient selection always plays a vital role in minimizing risks. In this article two cases illustrate the effective treatment in class 2 div 1 malocclusion with single arch treatment. This approach may reduce risk of orthodontic treatment. Observational Study. This study was conducted at the Orthodontics Dept., Islam Dental College, Sialkot. She 22 year old female having history of thumb sucking presented with class II incisors, canines and molars relationship on skeletal class II bases and convex profile. She also have anterior dental open bite with low vertical skeletal relationship.[pre-treatment photographs a-f]. All teeth are erupted except 3[rd] molars at [OPG][Pre-treatment radiographs I]. Cephalometrically Skeletal class 2 with low angle and bimaxillary dental proclination [Pre-treatment radiographs j]. Single arch treatment can be use in selected class 2 cases, where lower arch can be accepted as such, which can give maximum wanted effects of esthetic and function with minimum treatment

Surgical ligation of scrotal varicocele for male factor infertility is a valid option of treatment

To evaluate the role of surgical ligation of scrotal varicocele for treatment of male factor infertility. We studied 60 patients who presented with infertility and were also found to have scrotal varicocele. Patients with other probable causes contributing to infertility were excluded. Diagnosis was made by clinical examination and scrotal ultrasonography. All the patients underwent either laparoscopic varicocelectomy or open retroperitoneal high ligation of the testicular veins. Operative time and hospital stay was recorded. All patients were evaluated for postoperative improvement of semen parameters and development of any postoperative complication. The results were analyzed by commercially available software. During the study period 5 patients were lost to follow up and were excluded. The rest of patients [n=55] were young, with age ranging from 20 - 35 years [Mean age 27.8 years, SD + 4.38]. All patients had unilateral left sided varicocele; two patients [3.6%] had grade I varicocele, 21 patients [38.2%] had grade II varicocele and 32 patients [58.2%] had grade III varicocele. Statistically significant improvement in sperm density [p value < 0.05], sperm activity [p value < 0.05] and sperm morphology [p value < 0.05] was observed after the surgical ligation. The mean operative time was 54.88 minutes [SD + 13]. The mean hospital stay in laparoscopic procedure was 33.4 [SD + 15.3]. Minor complications were noted in 13 patients and included superficial wound infection in 3 patients, 6 patients exhibited testicular pain and persistence of varicocele in 4 patients. Surgical ligation of scrotal varicocele is a safe and effective mode of treatment of male factor infertility in selected population