Aproximación a los valores de referencia de la capacidad residual funcional en una población de niños y adolescentes / Approach to the reference values of the functional residual capacity in a population of children and adolescents

Introducción: para la interpretación de las pruebas de función pulmonar se utilizan valores de referencia (normales) que se comparan con los medidos para detectar alteración funcional. Existen discrepancias entre las ecuaciones en pediatría: un limitado númerode participantes, no disponibles o no comparables debido a que se realizan con otros métodos. Objetivos: medir la capacidad residual funcional(CRF) en niños asmáticos controlados quepresentaron espirometría normal. Analizar por grupos de edad y talla las medidas de dispersión de las distintas variables funcionales (volúmenes y capacidades pulmonares). Métodos:estudio transversal; incluye niños y adolescentes asmáticos controlados (clínica-funcional). Se realizó determinación de CRF por técnica de lavado de nitrógeno (N2) (Easy One ProLab ®) bajo condiciones estandarizadas. Se analizan los datos de dispersión de las variables funcionales estratificadas por cuartiles de talla. Resultados: se estudiaron 86 niños, 49 varones (57%), edad media 11,01 ± 2,46 años. Asma–obesidad en 37,21%. Existe una relación lineal entre la CRF y la talla: por cada aumento en 1 centímetro de la altura hay un aumento de la CRF en 0,23 litros (IC95% 0,19 – 0,27 L) p= 0,000. Conclusiones: la CRF guarda relación con el tamaño corporal (altura), por tanto es de gran importancia medir estas variables de desarrollo pulmonar desde etapas tempranas hasta la adolescencia, para comprender en términos evolutivos pronósticos de las distintas patologías respiratorias. Estos datos son limitados a una población de asmáticos, sin embargo, son un inicio en la interpretación de resultados, probablemente más representativa que las disponibles en la literatura

Introduction: for the interpretation of pulmonaryfunction tests it is useful the reference values (normalpopulation) that are compared with those measured fordetecting functional disturbance. There arediscrepancies between the equations in pediatrics: alimited number of participants, not available or notcomparable because they are performed with othermethods.Objectives: measure the CRF in controlled asthmaticchildren who had normal spirometry. Analyze by ageand size dispersion measures of functional variables(volumes and lung capacities).Methods: cross-sectional study, including controlledasthmatic children and adolescents(clinical-functional). We carried Functional ResidualCapacity (FRC) by nitrogen washout technique (N2)(Easy One Pro Lab ®) under standardized conditions.We analyze the data of the functional variables stratifiedby quartiles of height.Results: we studied 86 children, 49 men (57%), meanage 11,01 ± 2,46 years. Prevalence of overweight andobesity was 37,21%. A linear relationship existsbetween the CRF and the height: for each 1 centimeterincrease in height there CRF increased by 0,23 liters(95% from 0,19 to 0,27 L) p = 0,000.Conclusions: the CRF is related to body size (height),so it is very important to measure these variables fromearly lung development through adolescence, tounderstand in evolutionary terms the progression ofdifferent respiratory diseases. These data are limited toa population of asthmatics, however, are a start in theinterpretation of results, probably more representativethan those available in the literature.

¿Existen diferencias entre los asmáticos con peso normal y los de sobrepeso-obesidad? / The relation ship between normal weight and overweight - obesity asthmatic

Introducción: el aumento de la prevalencia del asma y la obesidad ha llevado a diferentes investigadores a postular que existe una asociación significativa entre ambas entidades. Objetivos: describir y analizar factores asociados al sobrepeso-obesidad en niños y adolescentes asmáticos. Métodos: estudio transversal, con diagnóstico de asma según Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Se calculó el IMC y percentiles para edad y sexo (CDC, 2000), definiendo grupos de sobrepeso y obesidad. Resultados: de 559 pacientes, 226 (40,4%) sexo femenino, edad 9,08±2,20 años. La primera crisis se presentó a los 2,36±2,50 años. 23,8% tenían asma intermitente, 33,8% persistente leve, 37,6% moderada y 4,8% eran severos. La relación VEF1/CVF promedio fue de 82,42±9,51%, con cifras de VEF1 97,53±17,38%. El 17,9% tenían sobrepeso y 13,2% obesidad. Las niñas tenían mas sobrepeso y obesidad (OR 1,52, IC95% 1,06-2,19). La primera crisis se presentó antes de los 6 años en 34,1% para el grupo con sobrepeso-obesidad, con un OR = 2,39, IC95% 1,21-4,72. La presencia de crisis en el último año, ajustado por las distintas variables independientes analizadas mostró un OR 1,99, IC95% 1,01-3,95 para sobrepeso-obesidad (p=0,048). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad entre los asmáticos estudiados es mayor a la publicada para población general de nuestro país a igual edad. El sexo femenino, las crisis en el último año y el inicio más temprano de la misma mostraron significativamente mayor riesgo de sobre pesoobesidad en los asmáticos estudiados.

Background: the prevalence of asthma and obesity has increased. That has get to speculation they may be related. Objectives: to describe and analyze the factors associated to overweight/obesity in asthmatic children and teenagers. Methods: cross sectional study with asthma diagnosis by “Global Initiative for Asthma” (GINA). BMI and percentiles for each age and gender were calculated (CDC, 2000) defining overweight and obesity study groups. Results: 559 patients, 226 (40,4 %) were female, aged 9,08 ± 2,20 years. The age of the first asthmatic attack was at 2,36 ± 2,50. 23,8% had intermittent asthma, 33,8% had persistent mild asthma, 37,6% had persistent moderate asthma and 4,8% had severe asthma. In average FEV1/FVC was 82,42 ± 9,51% with FEV1 97,53 ± 17,38%. 17,9% of them were overweight and 13,2% were obese. Girls were more overweight and obese. (OR 1,52 IC95% 1,06-2,19) 34,1% of the overweight/obese group suffered their first asthmatic attack before the age of 6; OR = 2,39 IC95% 1,21- 4,72. The presence of an attack over the past year, adjusted by other independent variables analyzed, showed OR 1,99 IC95% 1,01- 3,95 for overweightobesity (p=0,048).

Test de control de asma en pediatría: ACT infantil: utilidad clínica en la práctica médica / Asthma control test in pediatrics: infantile ACT: clinic utility in daily practice

El asma es la enfermedad crónica más frecuente en la infancia. Sus guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento promueven alcanzar y mantener el control de la enfermedad. Objetivos: determinar el porcentaje de niños con asma controlada aplicando el test de control del asma (ACT infantil), y los niveles de control clínico-funcional (GINA); relacionar estos datos con la espirometría. Metodología: estudio transversal, en niños que concurrieron a la policlínica de neumología en el período marzo 2008 – abril 2009.Resultados: de 192 niños, 31,25% presentaron un asma no controlada por ACT infantil. Según GINA 30,46% estaban parcialmente controlados, mientras que el 7,95% no alcanzaron dicho control. El 18,75% tuvieron obstrucción bronquial, y respuesta significativa al salbutamol el 27,10% de los niños; presentando una asociación estadísticamente significativa con el grupo de ACT no controlado (p=0,020). Esta asociación se confirma para los grupos de control clínico por GINA, solamente si obstrucción bronquial es severa (valor p 0,034). Los niños del grupo no controlado por ACT presentaron una probabilidad mayor de tener obstrucción bronquial en la espirometría (OR = 3,13 CI95% 1,50- 6,55), y responder positivamente al salbutamol (OR = 2,51 CI95% 1,19 – 5,29) El ACT es una herramienta de aplicación en la práctica clínica, que permite diferenciar los niños que no alcanzan un control de la enfermedad y en los que existe una mayor probabilidad de presentar alteraciones de su función pulmonar. Es en ellos que se deberá ajustar la terapéutica.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. The goal of asthma guidelines is achieve the control of the disease. Objectives: determine the proportion of children with controlled asthma using the asthma control test (ACT), and the GINA clinical- functional levels. Compare these groups with pulmonary function test. Methodology: cross sectional study assessment asthmatic children between March 2008- April 2009. Results: of 192 children, 31.25% had no control asthma applying ACT instrument. According GINA in 30.46% children, the asthma was partially controlled, while 7.95% can not achieve the control of the disease. 18.75% of them had airflow limitation, and 27.10% significant response to bronchodilator. They had a significant association with the no control ACT group (p= 0,020). This association was present only with the most severe obstructive group among GINA levels (valor p 0,034). The children with ACT no controlled asthma had more probability to have airflow limitation by spirometry (OR = 3.13 CI95% 1.50- 6.55), and significant response to bronchodilator. (OR = 2.51 CI95% 1.19 – 5.29). The ACT is a tool to apply in clinical practice that recognize a special group with poor control of the disease and more likelihood to present pulmonary function deterioration, so they may receive a specific treatment.

Padrões de sibilância respiratória do nascimento até o início da adolescência: coorte de Pelotas (RS) Brasil, 1993-2004 / Wheezing phenotypes from birth to adolescence: a cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil, 1993-2004

OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência dos padrões de sibilância respiratória e suas associações com variáveis independentes. MÉTODOS: Coorte de nascidos vivos, 1993, Pelotas (RS); subamostra sistemática de 20 por cento da coorte original acompanhada aos 6 e 12 meses e 4 anos; aos 10-12 anos localizou-se 87,5 por cento da coorte original. Definição dos padrões: transitório: chiado até 4 anos e ausência de chiado aos 10-12 anos; persistente: chiado em todos acompanhamentos; início tardio: chiado aos 10-12 anos. Variáveis independentes: gênero; cor da pele; renda familiar; fumo/asma na gravidez; amamentação; infecção respiratória/diarréia (1º ano); alergia e asma na família (4 e 10-12 anos); diagnóstico médico de rinite/eczema (10-12 anos). RESULTADOS: O total da subamostra foi de 897 adolescentes. Prevalência (IC95 por cento) dos padrões de sibilância: transitório 43,9 por cento (40,7-47,2);persistente 6,4 por cento (4,8-8,0); de início tardio 3,3 por cento (2,2-4,5). O transitório foi mais freqüente em crianças de famílias de baixa renda, com menor duração da amamentação, relato de infecções respiratórias (1º ano) e história familiar de asma (4 anos); o persistente foi quase duas vezes mais freqüente em meninos, em filhos de mulheres com asma na gravidez, com infecções respiratórias (1º ano) e história familiar de asma (4 e 10-12 anos); de início tardio mostrou maior prevalência naqueles com asma na família (10-12 anos) e diagnóstico médico de rinite (10-12 anos); menor prevalência em quem relatou infecções respiratórias (1º ano) e diagnóstico médico de eczema (10-12 anos). CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento das associações dos padrões sibilantes permite a adoção de medidas preventivas e terapêuticas.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of wheezing patterns and their associations with independent variables. METHODS: Cohort study of live births in 1993 in Pelotas, Brazil. A systematic subsample (20 percent) of the original cohort was evaluated at 6 months, 12 months and 4 years. At 10-12 years, 87.5 percent of the original cohort was contacted. Wheezing was categorized: transient, wheezing at 4 years but not at 10-12; persistent, wheezing at all evaluations; late-onset, wheezing at 10-12 years. Independent variables were analyzed: gender; skin color; family income; smoking/asthma during pregnancy; breastfeeding; respiratory infection/diarrhea (during the 1st year); family members with asthma/allergy (at 4 years and at 10-12); physician-diagnosed rhinitis/eczema (at 10-12 years). RESULTS: The subsample comprised 897 adolescents. Wheezing patterns were expressed as prevalence (95 percent CI): transient, 43.9 percent (40.7-47.2); persistent, 6.4 percent (4.8-8.0); and late-onset, 3.3 percent (2.2-4.5). The transient pattern was more common in children from low-income families, children breastfed for less time, children with a history of respiratory infections (during the 1st year) and children with asthma in the family (at 4 years). The persistent pattern was almost twice as common in males, in children whose mothers had asthma during pregnancy, in children with respiratory infections (during the 1st year) and in children with asthma in the family (at 4 and 10-12 years). The late-onset pattern was more prevalent among those with asthma in the family (at 10-12 years) and those diagnosed with rhinitis (at 10-12 years), being less prevalent among those reporting respiratory infections (during the 1st year) and those diagnosed with eczema (at 10-12 years). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the associations of wheezing patterns allows us to adopt preventive and therapeutic measures.

Rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes con EPOC / Respiration rehabilitation in patients with EPOC

Programa de reabilitaçäo respiratória aplicada a pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Crônica irreversível e com limitaçäo e suas funçöes e qualidade de vida