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Background@#Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem. In Mongolia, urine is analyzed by methods of urine chemistry and urine sediment to diagnose kidney disease. The currently automated urine sediment analyzers have been widely used in clinical laboratories and are replacing traditional manual microscopic examination. Nonetheless, visual microscopic examination is still required in many cases. When chemical and sediment analyzers are used together, urine sediment could be confirmed under a microscope, if the results are inconsistent. Sternheimer-Malbin stain has contained a variety of dyes that help to distinguish particles (white blood cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, fatty drops, bacteria, yeast, trichomonas) in urine sediment, improve the differentiation between cell nuclei and cytoplasm, and provide more information about cell shape and image. </br> Therefore, the low-cost method that can be used on a daily basis.Although there are more than 4,500 laboratories in Mongolia that need to perform urinalysis, which is an important part of clinical laboratories, less than 10 percent of hospitals have fully automated sediment analyzers. For this reason, one of the most important issues in the clinical laboratories, the search for low-cost and useful methods for the analysis of urine sediments in order to provide access to services to the public. Our aim was the comparison of methods of the microscopic examination with Shternheimer-Malbin stain and fully automated UF-5000 analyzer for urine sediment. @*Methods@#There was a comparative study, people who served the Clinical Central Laboratory of Mongolia-Japan Hospital received permission to participate in this research. One hundred five fresh, first morning, clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected in accordance with standard operating instructions for urinalysis, between November 2020 and May 2021. Sternheimer-Malbin (SM) staining and direct microscopy observation methods with Fuchs-Rosenthal counting chamber were used to red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and epithelial cells (EC) in urine samples. The agreements between the automated urine analyzer and microscopic methods were calculated using Cohen’s kappa (k) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).@*Results@#A total of 105 samples were collected and analysed in this study. The average age was 46.97±15.0and gender by 18% (n=19)were male and 82% (n=86) were female. </br> Compared to traditional manual methods and automated analyzer, the agreement within the same grade was 99/105 (94.3%) for erythrocytes, 96/105 (91.4%) for leukocytes, 92/105 (87.6%) for epithelial cells. And compared to Sternheimer-Malbin staining microscopy observation and automated analyzer, the agreement within the same grade was 98/105 (93.3%) for erythrocytes, 99/105 (94.3%) for leukocytes, 96/105 (91.4%) for epithelial cells. Agreement between traditional manual method and automated analyzer was higher than 85% and between Sternheimer-Malbin staining microscopy observation and automated analyzer was higher than 90%. The concordance between traditional manual method and automated analyzer was substantial (k=0.74, p<0.001; k=0.79, p<0.001) for RBC and EC, almost perfect (k=0.92, p<0.001) for WBC. Whereas the concordance between SternheimerMalbin staining microscopy observation and automated analyzer was substantial (k=0.70, p<0.001) for RBC, almost perfect (k=0.94, p<0.001; k=0.89, p<0.001) for WBC and EC. Comparison of Sysmex UF-5000 with microscopic particle counting methods resulted specificity was 98.9/100% for RBC, sensitivity was 97.7/95.3% and negative predictive value was 98.4/96.8% for WBC, sensitivity was 87.5/68.8% and negative predictive value was 97.8/94.7% for EC.@*Conclusion@#The Cohen’s k analysis result of comparisons between the SternheimerMalbin staining microscopic method and automated urine sediment analyzer showed significant almost perfect agreement (k=0.70-0.94, p<0.001). </br> The sensitivity and negative predictive value were high for both of WBC and EC were determined by Sternheimer-Malbin (SM) staining microscopy observation method. Results indicate the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the true positive and individual with a negative test result is truly negative better than comparison of Sysmex UF-5000 with traditional manual microscopic method assessment.
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Introduction@#The traditional microscopic method is to visually count the elements in the urine, but it is difficult to distinguish between the cells because they are not stained. Sternheimer Malbin staining, on the other hand, contains a variety of dyes that help to distinguish elements in urine sediment, improve the differentiation between cell nuclei and cytoplasm, provide more information about cell shape and image, and make it easier to differentiate kidney disease. @*Objective@#To study the results of the reading of a fully automatic urine sediment analyzer of compared with the Sternheimer Malbin stained bright field microscope method.@*Research materials and methods@#In this study included 150 people who served the MJTH of the MNUMS received permission to participate in the research. The urine sample collected in accordance with the standard operating instructions was counted by a fully automated analyzer and stained with Sternheimer Malbin dye and counted red cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), epithelial cells (EC), and renal epithelium (RTEC) under a microscope using a Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber.@*Results@#23.3% (n=35) of the respondents were male, 76.6% (n=115) were female, and the average age was 44.3±11.6. There 16.6% (25)/9.3% (14) of the RBCs were counted in excess of the reference volume when analyzed under an microscope stained with an automated urine sediment analyzer and Sternheimer-Malbin dye. For each WBC method, 45.4% (68)/41 (61)% and EC 24.7% (37)/23.3% (35) were counted above the reference volume. 90% (135)/32% (48) of the total samples were counted in excess of the RTEC reference volume. Comparing the performance of the automatic urine sediment analyzer with the light microscope method, the sensitivity and specificity were RBC-99.8%/99.1%, WBC-99.3%/99.6%, EC-99.7%/99.2, and RTEC-99.1%/99.2%. False-positive and false-negative results were rated for each RBC-99.9%/99.1%, WBC-99.3%/99.6%, EC 99.8%/99.2%, and RTEC-99.7%/99.9%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was RBC, WBC, RTEC 1.0, or the test was useless, while the negative likelihood ratio was RBC was very different, WBC was slightly different, EC was very different, and RTEC was very different. Positive and negative predictive value indicators RBC-99.3%/99.4%, WBC-99.4%/99.4%, EC-99.4%/99.5, RTEC-99.2%/99.1%, optimality for RBC, WBC, EC 99.4%, RTEC -99.1%.@*Conclusion@#</br> 1. The results of an automated urine sediment analyzer and a bright field microscope stained by Sternheimer Malbin were similar for red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells, but different for renal tubular epithelial cells. </br> 2. The resuls UF-5000 analyzer and bright field microscope analysis using Sternheimer Malbin dye were comparable.
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Introduction@#The complete blood count (CBC) is a frequently performed laboratory test today. This study evaluated the effects of temperature and sample storage time on parameters of CBC which could produce misleading results of clinical significance. @*Methods@#In a cross-sectional study, CBC was checked in 20 randomly selected out-patients and baseline measurements were analyzed using the XN-2000 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) fully automated hematology analyzer. CBC was done all samples of storage at room temperature. Values were checked at time intervals of 0, 6, and 24 hr.@*Results@#Among CBC parameters, white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), neutrophils and lymphocytes were stable at time up to 6 h. Hematocrit increased between 0 and 24 hours, averaging 41.5% and 45.2%, respectively. MCV, RDW-SD, and RDW-CV increased between 0 and 24 hours. The mean value was statistically significant. There were 85.6fL/ 93.4fL (p<0.001), 40.7fL /48.2fL (p<0.001), 13.1% and 14.2% (p<0.05), respectively. </br> However, the MCHC was affected by time differences. (p <0.001 at 0 and 24 hours, p <0.001 at 3 and 24 hours). Platelet PDW, MPV, and P-LCR values increased between 0 and 24 h, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Whole blood samples were stored at room temperature for 24 hours for CBC tests, there were statistically significant differences in the size of red blood cells and platelets.
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@#BACKGROUND Bovine colostrums is the milk secreted by cows during the first few days after parturition. It contains many essential nutrients and bioactive components, including growth factors, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and cytokines ets. Lactoferrin has been reported for its multifunctional properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral antioxidant and anticancer activities. The aims of this study focused on the isolation and purification of lactoferrin from Mongolian bovine colostrums. Lactoferrin purified using HiTrap DEAE an ion exchange chromatography. Lactoferrin purification efficiency was about 60.5%. The single band of purified lactoferrin has been observed in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. METHODS Bovine colostrum was collected at a cow farm in the Darkhan province of Mongolia. At first the cream was separated by centrifugation (10000 xg 20 min at 4oC). In order to separate the whey, the samples were precipitated with 1mol/l to pH 4.6 and centrifuged at 10000 g 20 min again. The samples of whey were stored at -18oC to the analysis. Lactoferrin was purified by HiTrap DEAE an ion exchange chromatography using 0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) and linear gradient NaCl from 0.25M, 0.5M, 1M. During chromatography, protein in the eluents was monitored by ultraviolet absorbation at 280 nm with the instrument. Purity test done by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturated condition (SDS-PAGE) method by Laemmli (1970). For HPLC determination of the lactoferrin by Shimadzu Nexera X2 HPLC system with UV/ VIS detector were used. Detection was carried out at the wavelength 280 nm. Separation was performed on a chromatographic column Protein R C18 ,2.2 x 150 mm, 5 μm particle size. Linear gradient and flow rate 0.2 ml/min were used. Mobile phase a consisted of water / acetonitrile/ trifluoroacetic acid ( 95:5:0.1). The column temperature was set at 40oC and injection volume was 10 μl. Data were collected and evaluated by software Lab Solution. An external standard method for quantification analytes was used. RESULTS Purified lactoferrin in the present study had a good concentration and purification efficiency was about 60.5 %. Protein fraction from 1M NaCl gradient delivers sharp and clean peak to HPLC chromatogram that fits intensity and retention time of standard bovine lactoferrin. Ammount of lactoferrin in bovine colostrums was 0.6 mg/ml and it`s molecular weight 80 kDa as a standard sample. The retention time of lactoferrin fraction which is purified by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The peak of fraction same compared to the standard lactoferrin 5.8 minutes by HPLC analysis. CONCLUSION Ion exchange chromatography shows reliable and easy isolation of lactoferrin from Mongol bovine colostrum.
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Introduction Cervical cancer screening program is using conventional Pap smear (CPS) have been successfully used in Mongolia, but new kind of test as “Liquid based cytology” (LBC) is not popular for screening. This liquid based cytology testing might reduce the number of unsatisfactory smears, and increase the accuracy of diagnosing. Goal The main aim of this study was to assess diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of Liquid based cytology versus Conventional Pap smear using ‘split-samples’ technique. Materials and Methods This was cross sectional study, total of 75 cervical split samples were included over a period of 2 months. Split sample was obtained using cervix-brush. CPS was prepared from brush and the brush head was suspended in the Liquid based vial and processed by LBC method and pap staining. Smears were diagnosed by cytologists. Abnormal smears were concluded by cervical biopsy as a Golden Standard. Results There were 14%unsatisfactory smears in CPS and 6% in LBC; the main cause is insuffi cient cells, and excess blood in CPS. LBC had diagnostic accuracy of LSIL was lower, but ASC-US was higher than CPS was signifi cant. LBC (100%) was more sensitive than CPS (89%) was confi rmed by biopsy. Conclusions: LBC testing was successfully reduced unsatisfactory smears rate. LBC samples offered better clarity and uniform spread of smears, less time for screening and better diagnostic accuracy of LSIL and ASC-US than CPS.
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As the proportion of aged population has been increasing worldwide by the rapid development of socio-economy, health science, and educational level that affect the policy against health service and social welfare, one of the urgent issues of Mongolian society and medical science facing is to develop healthy aging process and prevention of pathological aging. As we know, healthy aging process depends upon several factors such as heritage, biological and physiological internal factors, living condition, climate, geography, socio-economy, nutrition, drinking water, lifestyle etc,. Thus, the development of healthy aging and its influential factors is an immediate issue of Mongolian medicine and society.A cross-sectional regression analysis has been used to measure socioeconomic and physiological factors for longevity. Total of 1897 participants aged less than 80 are randomly collected from Ulaanbaatar city and Mongolian 4 regions.Total of 1897 participants, less than 80 years old are involved in this study. People in an urban area are higher than those in countryside. About housing condition, 63.5% of total participants are in apartment at UB and 37.8% is in House and 44.3% in Mongolian Ger. Estimating participant’s income, 25% of relatively healthy population is below than the minimum of subsistence. However 50% of elderly people aged between 75-80 is below than minimum of subsistence. Comparing income level by age and gender income is decreased while age is increased, males are relatively higher than females. Middle income people are by 20.9%, high income people are by 57.7% less the risky than low income people. Unhealthy status is increased by 1.0% while a year of smoking, LDL by 96.5%, HDL by 94.7%, Triglycerid by 71.2%, CAVI by 91% increase risks respectively.Below indicators are more influential for the healthy aging of Mongolian elderly people as follows, education level (ρ-0.001), household income (OR=0.423, ρ<0.0001), living conditions (OR=0.326, ρ<0.05), LDL (OR=0.035, ρ<0.0001), HDL (OR=0.053, ρ<0.0001), glucose (OR=0.014, ρ<0.0001), CAVI (OR=0.090, ρ<0.0001). Higher density of healthy aged populations is found in the central region of Mongolia where altitude is 1000-1500 meters above than sea level (MASL) and temperature is between 0-6 Celsius.