Frequency of risk factors for breast cancer

[awaissabir2000@yahoo.com] To evaluate the frequency of risk factors for breast cancer. Main outcome measures were the above-mentioned risk factors in 50 diagnosed cases of breast cancer. Descriptive study. Surgical Unit-III, Nishter Hospital Multan. 50 female patients with proven diagnosis of breast cancer were evaluated with special emphasis on etiological risk factors. Findings were recorded in the proforma and results obtained were compared with national and international studies. 60% patients were in age group of 35-55 years, 50% had age of menarche 11 years, age of first full term pregnancy was between 15-25 years in 64% cases 60% patients belonged to lower middle class. 8% patients had family history of breast cancer. 56% patients had age at menopause above 50 years. No patient gave past history of breast cancer. It was concluded that in area of Multan, breast cancer is more common in patients having age between 35-55 years, early age of menarche, lower middle socio-economic status and late menopause

Evaluation of initial, mid-stream and terminal urinary sample for cytology in follow up of bladder cancer and its comparison with cystoscopy

Study was carried out with a view to know which sample of urine [initial, midstream or terninal] is more useful in detecting the malignant cells. Cytological examination of the voided urine is the only non- invasive method of detection, diagnosis and follow up of tumours of the bladder. A pilot project of 75 patients with biopsy proven carcinomas of the bladder was carried out. Each patient provided fractionated urinary samples [initial, midstream. terminal]. The diagnostic value of each group was assessed and the results' were compared with cystoscopic examination. Twenty four [32%] of patients had both positive cytology and cystoscopy. Twenty-seven [36%] of patients had both negative cytology and cystoscopy. The false neative results were 24% and 0.75% were false positive. The fractionated sampling results showed that 93.33% of the urinary samples including initial, midstream and terminal had yielded cytological results, however, in our experience fractionated urinary sampling does not add to the routinely taken sample of urine for cystology. Study confirms that any sample of urine is satisfactory for diagnostic purpose