An Acute Metabolic Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like Episodes Syndrome Patients with Hyperperfusion Responsive to Steroid Treatment

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a genetic disorder caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Patients with stroke-like episodes show restrictive lesions in diffusion weighted image, whereas magnetic resonance angiography images show both vasodilation or vasoconstriction. Vasodilation may lead to hyperperfusion and cerebral edema, which may worsen clinical outcome. Here, we report a 25-year-old male patient diagnosed as MELAS, who presented with stroke-like episodes and seizures and showed cerebral edema with vasodilation which was normalized after steroid treatment.

Gender Inequalities in Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-based Study in Korea / 예방의학회지

Objectives@#This study explored the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on psychosocial stress in prime working-age individuals in Korea, focusing on gender inequalities. We hypothesized that the impact of COVID-19 on mental health would differ by age and gender, with younger women potentially demonstrating heightened vulnerability relative to men. @*Methods@#The study involved data from the Korea Community Health Survey and included 319 592 adults aged 30 years to 49 years. We employed log-binomial regression analysis, controlling for variables including age, education, employment status, marital status, and the presence of children. The study period included 3 phases: the period prior to the COVID-19 outbreak (pre–COVID-19), the early pandemic, and the period following the introduction of vaccinations (post-vaccination). @*Results@#The findings indicated that women were at a heightened risk of psychosocial stress during the early pandemic (relative risk [RR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.05) and post-vaccination period (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.10) compared to men. This pattern was prominent in urban women aged 30-34 years (pre–COVID-19: RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.10; early pandemic: RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.25; post-vaccination period, RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.31). @*Conclusions@#The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted unequal impacts on psychosocial stress among prime working-age individuals in Korea, with women, particularly those in urban areas, experiencing a heightened risk. The findings highlight the importance of addressing gender-specific needs and implementing appropriate interventions to mitigate the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic.

Widening Social Inequalities in Cancer Mortality of Children Under 5 Years in Korea

Background@#To investigate the effect of parental social class on cancer mortality in children under 5 in Korea, two birth cohorts were constructed by linking national birth data to under-5 death data from the Statistics Korea for 1995–1999 (3,323,613 births) and 2010–2014 (2,297,876 births). @*Methods@#The Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for covariates was used in this study. @*Results@#Social inequalities of under-5 cancer mortality risk in paternal education and paternal employment status were greater in 2010–2014 than in 1995–1999. The gap of hazard ratio (HR) of under-5 cancer mortality between lower (high school or below) and higher (university or higher) paternal education increased from 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.041.46) in 1995–1999 to 1.45 (1.11–1.97) in 2010–2014; the gap of HR between parents engaged in manual work and non-manual work increased from 1.32 (1.12–1.56) in 1995–1999 to 1.45 (1.12–1.89) in 2010–2014 for fathers, and from 1.18 (0.7–1.98) to 1.69 (1.03–2.79) for mothers. When the parental social class was lower, the risk of under-5 cancer mortality was higher in not only adverse but normal births. @*Conclusion@#Social inequalities must be addressed to reduce the disparity in cancer mortality of children under 5 years old.

A Multicenter, Open-Label, Observational Study Evaluating the Quality of Life After Using a Hydrophilic-Coated Catheter (SpeediCath) With Self-Intermittent Catheterization / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#We evaluated the change in patient quality of life after the use of a hydrophilic-coated catheter (SpeediCath) in adults requiring intermittent catheterization (IC). @*Methods@#This was a multicenter, open-label, observational study using the Patient Perception of Intermittent Catheterization (PPIC) questionnaire and the Intermittent Self-Catheterization questionnaire (ISC-Q) and safety at 12 and 24 weeks in adult patients who had already used other type of catheters prior to switching to SpeediCath or in patients undergoing self-IC for the first time for any reason. @*Results@#Among a total of 360 subjects, 215 (59.7%) were women, and the mean age was 62.0±13.2 years. At 24 weeks, the satisfaction rate after using SpeediCath was 84.1%, and 80% of patients responded that they could easily perform IC. In total, 81.6% of patients were willing to continue using SpeediCath. The mean ISC-Q score was 54.90±18.65 at 24 weeks. Men found less interference in their daily life by performing IC than women and found it easier to handle the catheter before it was inserted into the urethra. At week 12, the mean change in ISC-Q was significantly greater in patients <65 years (20.24±23.55) than in those ≥65 years (7.57±27.70, P=0.049), but there was no difference at 24 weeks. The most common adverse events were urinary tract infection in 9.72%, gross hematuria in 2.78%, and urethral pain in 1.39%. @*Conclusions@#The use of a SpeediCath provided good quality of life for patients who needed self-IC regardless of age or sex.

The Prevalence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Overactive Bladder in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) affect over half of the adults’ population worldwide, with an increasing prevalence among the older age groups. Therefore, with the increasing elderly population, LUTS is an important disease, highlighting the need for accurate data on its prevalence. This present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of LUTS in South Korea. @*Methods@#The study targeted individuals aged at least 19 years nationwide. We conducted computer-assisted telephone interviews, 80% mobile random digital dialing (RDD) sampling frame, and 20% landline RDD sampling frame between April and May 2020. Questionnaires included The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), and the characteristics of respondents. Current International Continence Society definitions were used for individual LUTS and OAB. @*Results@#There were 2,000 respondents, 1,009 (50.4%) were women and 546 (27.3%) were aged ≥60 years. Based on our IPSS questionnaire survey results, 77.9% of the respondents had LUTS; 63.7% had mild symptoms (1–7), 11.7% had moderate symptoms (8–19), and 2.4% had severe symptoms (20–35). The prevalence and severity of LUTS increased with age with 22.1% of respondents aged 60 years and above complaining of moderate or severe LUTS. According to the survey through OABSS, the prevalence of OAB was 9.6%, males were 10.3% and females were 9.0%. @*Conclusions@#Based on our survey results, 77.9% of the Korean adult population (over the age of 19) experienced at least one LUTS, and the severity increased with age. The prevalence and severity of OAB increased with age, especially after 40 years; the prevalence of OAB was 9.6%, and 13.4% of them were over 60 years old.

IgA Levels Are Associated with Coronary Artery Lesions in Kawasaki Disease

Background and Objectives@#Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that affects the coronary arteries. Abnormal immune reactions are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis. The effect of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) on inflammatory data and clinical outcomes of patients with KD was examined. @*Methods@#Ig levels in 241 patients with KD were measured during the acute, subacute, convalescent, and normal phases of the disease. @*Results@#Compared with reference Ig values, IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were significantly higher in the subacute phase, while IgE levels were elevated in 73.9% (178/241) of patients with KD in all clinical phases. However, high IgE levels were not associated with clinical outcomes, including intravenous immunoglobulin unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesions (CALs).Significantly more CALs were observed in the high IgA group than in the normal IgA group (44.7% vs. 20.8%, respectively; p<0.01). In addition, IgA levels in the acute phase (p=0.038) were 2.2-fold higher, and those in the subacute phase were 1.7-fold higher (p <0.001), in the CAL group than in the non-CAL group. IgA concentrations increased along with the size of the coronary artery aneurysm (p <0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between IgA levels and CAL size (r=0.435, p<0.001), with a high odds ratio of 2.58 (p=0.022). @*Conclusions@#High IgA levels in patients with KD are prognostic for the risk of CALs.

Analysis of Characteristics and Mortality in Cardiac Arrest Patients by Hospital Level: a Nationwide Population-based Study

Background@#Survival and post-cardiac arrest care vary considerably by hospital, region, and country. In the current study, we aimed to analyze mortality in patients who underwent cardiac arrest by hospital level, and to reveal differences in patient characteristics and hospital factors, including post-cardiac arrest care, hospital costs, and adherence to changes in resuscitation guidelines. @*Methods@#We enrolled adult patients (≥ 20 years) who suffered non-traumatic cardiac arrest from 2006 to 2015. Patient demographics, insurance type, admission route, comorbidities, treatments, and hospital costs were extracted from the National Health Insurance Service database. We categorized patients into tertiary hospital, general hospital, and hospital groups according to the level of the hospital where they were treated. We analyzed the patients' characteristics, hospital factors, and mortalities among the three groups. We also analyzed post-cardiac arrest care before and after the 2010 guideline changes. The primary end-point was 30 days and 1 year mortality rates. @*Results@#The tertiary hospital, general hospital, and hospital groups represented 32.6%, 49.6%, and 17.8% of 337,042 patients, respectively. The tertiary and general hospital groups were younger, had a lower proportion of medical aid coverage, and fewer comorbidities, compared to the hospital group. Post-cardiac arrest care, such as percutaneous coronary intervention, targeted temperature management, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, were provided more frequently in the tertiary and general hospital groups. After adjusting for age, sex, insurance type, urbanization level, admission route, comorbidities, defibrillation, resuscitation medications, angiography, and guideline changes, the tertiary and general hospital groups showed lower 1-year mortality (tertiary hospital vs. general hospital vs. hospital, adjusted odds ratios, 0.538 vs. 0.604 vs. 1; P < 0.001). After 2010 guideline changes, a marked decline in atropine use and an increase in post-cardiac arrest care were observed in the tertiary and general hospital groups. @*Conclusion@#The tertiary and general hospital groups showed lower 30 days and 1 year mortality rates than the hospital group, after adjusting for patient characteristics and hospital factors. Higher-level hospitals provided more post-cardiac arrest care, which led to high hospital costs, and showed good adherence to the guideline change after 2010.

IgA Levels Are Associated with Coronary Artery Lesions in Kawasaki Disease

Background and Objectives@#Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that affects the coronary arteries. Abnormal immune reactions are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis. The effect of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) on inflammatory data and clinical outcomes of patients with KD was examined. @*Methods@#Ig levels in 241 patients with KD were measured during the acute, subacute, convalescent, and normal phases of the disease. @*Results@#Compared with reference Ig values, IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were significantly higher in the subacute phase, while IgE levels were elevated in 73.9% (178/241) of patients with KD in all clinical phases. However, high IgE levels were not associated with clinical outcomes, including intravenous immunoglobulin unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesions (CALs).Significantly more CALs were observed in the high IgA group than in the normal IgA group (44.7% vs. 20.8%, respectively; p<0.01). In addition, IgA levels in the acute phase (p=0.038) were 2.2-fold higher, and those in the subacute phase were 1.7-fold higher (p <0.001), in the CAL group than in the non-CAL group. IgA concentrations increased along with the size of the coronary artery aneurysm (p <0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between IgA levels and CAL size (r=0.435, p<0.001), with a high odds ratio of 2.58 (p=0.022). @*Conclusions@#High IgA levels in patients with KD are prognostic for the risk of CALs.

Analysis of Characteristics and Mortality in Cardiac Arrest Patients by Hospital Level: a Nationwide Population-based Study

Background@#Survival and post-cardiac arrest care vary considerably by hospital, region, and country. In the current study, we aimed to analyze mortality in patients who underwent cardiac arrest by hospital level, and to reveal differences in patient characteristics and hospital factors, including post-cardiac arrest care, hospital costs, and adherence to changes in resuscitation guidelines. @*Methods@#We enrolled adult patients (≥ 20 years) who suffered non-traumatic cardiac arrest from 2006 to 2015. Patient demographics, insurance type, admission route, comorbidities, treatments, and hospital costs were extracted from the National Health Insurance Service database. We categorized patients into tertiary hospital, general hospital, and hospital groups according to the level of the hospital where they were treated. We analyzed the patients' characteristics, hospital factors, and mortalities among the three groups. We also analyzed post-cardiac arrest care before and after the 2010 guideline changes. The primary end-point was 30 days and 1 year mortality rates. @*Results@#The tertiary hospital, general hospital, and hospital groups represented 32.6%, 49.6%, and 17.8% of 337,042 patients, respectively. The tertiary and general hospital groups were younger, had a lower proportion of medical aid coverage, and fewer comorbidities, compared to the hospital group. Post-cardiac arrest care, such as percutaneous coronary intervention, targeted temperature management, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, were provided more frequently in the tertiary and general hospital groups. After adjusting for age, sex, insurance type, urbanization level, admission route, comorbidities, defibrillation, resuscitation medications, angiography, and guideline changes, the tertiary and general hospital groups showed lower 1-year mortality (tertiary hospital vs. general hospital vs. hospital, adjusted odds ratios, 0.538 vs. 0.604 vs. 1; P < 0.001). After 2010 guideline changes, a marked decline in atropine use and an increase in post-cardiac arrest care were observed in the tertiary and general hospital groups. @*Conclusion@#The tertiary and general hospital groups showed lower 30 days and 1 year mortality rates than the hospital group, after adjusting for patient characteristics and hospital factors. Higher-level hospitals provided more post-cardiac arrest care, which led to high hospital costs, and showed good adherence to the guideline change after 2010.

Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Short-term Memory Impairment by Suppressing Hippocampal Neuroinflammation in Poloxamer-407-Induced Hyperlipidemia Rats / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#Poloxamer-407 (P-407) is used to induce hyperlipidemia. Exercise is effective in improving arteriosclerosis and cognitive impairment. In this research, the effect of treadmill running on short-term memory in the P-407-treated hyperlipidemia rats was studied focusing on neuroinflammation. @*Methods@#Rats were classified in normal group, normal and treadmill exercise group, P-407-treated group, and P-407-treated and treadmill exercise group. Hyperlipidemia rats were made by single intraperitoneal injection with P-407 (500 mg/kg). Treadmill exercise was conducted for 30 minutes once a day, 5 days per week during 28 days. Step-down avoidance task was done to measure short-term memory. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines was determined by western blot analysis. @*Results@#Treadmill exercise alleviated lipid profiles in the P-407-induced hyperlipidemia rats. Treadmill exercise improved short-term memory, inhibited reactive astrogliosis and microglia activation, and suppressed expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines in the hyperlipidemic rats. @*Conclusions@#Treadmill exercise exerts alleviating effect on memory deficits by inhibiting hippocampal neuroinflammation in the hyperlipidemia. The current results suggest that treadmill running serves as the treatment strategy for the cognitive dysfunction caused by hyperlipidemia.

Identification of rare coding variants associated with Kawasaki disease by whole exome sequencing

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute pediatric vasculitis that affects genetically susceptible infants and children. To identify coding variants that influence susceptibility to KD, we conducted whole exome sequencing of 159 patients with KD and 902 controls, and performed a replication study in an independent 586 cases and 732 controls. We identified five rare coding variants in five genes (FCRLA, PTGER4, IL17F, CARD11, and SIGLEC10) associated with KD (odds ratio [OR], 1.18–4.41; p = 0.0027–0.031). We also performed association analysis in 26 KD patients with coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs; diameter > 5 mm) and 124 patients without CAAs (diameter < 3 mm), and identified another five rare coding variants in five genes (FGFR4, IL31RA, FNDC1, MMP8, and FOXN1), which may be associated with CAA (OR, 3.89–37.3; p = 0.0058–0.0261). These results provide insights into new candidate genes and genetic variants potentially involved in the development of KD and CAA.

Treadmill Exercise Improves Motor Function and Short-term Memory by Enhancing Synaptic Plasticity and Neurogenesis in Photothrombotic Stroke Mice / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#Thrombotic stroke is a type of ischemic stroke characterized by motor dysfunction and memory impairments. In the present study, the effect of treadmill exercise on motor function and short-term memory was evaluated in relation with synaptic plasticity in the mice with photothrombotic stroke. @*Methods@#Photothrombotic stroke was induced by cortical photothrombotic vascular occlusion. The mice in the treadmill exercise groups performed running on a motorized treadmill for 28 days. Motor function was determined using rota-rod test and foot fault test. Step-through avoidance task was conducted to evaluate short-term memory. Immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine and doublecortin was conducted to detect new cell generation. Postsynaptic density protein 95, synaptophysin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB) were determined using western blot. The number of dendritic spines was determined using Golgi stain. @*Results@#Treadmill exercise improved motor function and short-term memory in mice with the photothrombotic stroke. The infarct size was reduced and the number of dendritic spines and expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin in the peri-infarct cortex and hippocampus were increased by treadmill exercise in photothrombotic stroke mice. Treadmill exercise enhanced neurogenesis through increasing the expression of the hippocampal BDNF and TrkB in photothrombotic stroke mice. @*Conclusions@#Treadmill exercise improved motor function and short-term memory through increasing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in photothrombotic stroke mice. Treadmill exercise can be used as an effective treatment strategy to improve brain function related to stroke.

Relationships between Thigh and Waist Circumference, Hemoglobin Glycation Index, and Carotid Plaque in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background@#This study investigated the relationships of thigh and waist circumference with the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. @*Methods@#This observational study included 3,075 Korean patients with type 2 diabetes, in whom anthropometric measurements and carotid ultrasonography were conducted. HGI was defined as the measured hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level minus the predicted HbA1c level, which was calculated using the linear relationship between HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels. Carotid atherosclerosis was defined as a clearly isolated focal plaque or focal wall thickening >50% of the surrounding intima-media thickness. @*Results@#The frequency of a positive HGI decreased with increasing thigh circumference in men and increased with increasing waist circumference in women after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Thigh and waist circumference had a combined augmentative effect on the likelihood of positive HGI, which was dramatically higher in patients in higher waist-to-thigh ratio quartiles (adjusted odds ratios for the highest compared to the lowest quartile: 1.595 in men and 1.570 in women). Additionally, the larger the thigh circumference, the lower the risk of carotid atherosclerosis, although in women, this relationship lacked significance after adjustment for potential confounders. @*Conclusion@#HGI was associated with thigh circumference in men and waist circumference in women. In addition, the combination of low thigh circumference and high waist circumference was strongly associated with a higher HGI in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. In particular, thigh circumference was associated with carotid atherosclerosis in men. However, further longitudinal studies are warranted.

Management of Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer: Establishment ofTreatment Guidelines Through Prostate Cancer Summit (PCAS) 2016Composed of Korean Prostate Cancer Experts

Purpose@#The Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2015 was based on topics withcontroversy in the field of advanced prostate cancer. To understand the Korean urologists perspective regardingthe issues, we have conducted a questionnaire named Prostate Cancer Summit (PCAS) 2016, with 9 importantsubtopics. @*Materials and Methods@#Total 9 subtopics have been decided and questions were developed regarding eachsubtopic. The questions were based on that of APCCC 2015 and translated into Korean for better understanding.Total 51 panelists have voted online on 85 different questions. @*Results@#The survey concluded that testosterone should be measured as a diagnostic criterion for castrationresistance prostate cancer (CRPC) and that consensus was reached on issues such as the use of androgenreceptor pathway inhibitors in the treatment of predocetaxel and postdocetaxel in CRPC patients. In addition,76% of the participants agreed that imaging tests were needed before new treatment in CRPC patients, anda majority of participants agreed that periodic imaging tests are necessary regardless of symptoms during treatmentfor CRPC. However, some issues, such as the use of prostate-specific antigen-based triggers for remediationin CRPC patients, the endocrine manipulation in nonmetastatic CRPC patients, and the onset of treatment inasymptomatic metastatic CRPC patients, were not agreed. @*Conclusions@#The results from PCAS 2016 has addressed some of the issues with controversy. Although thevoting results are subjective, it will help guide treatment decisions in topics with less evidence.

Assessment of the Clinical Heterogeneity of Kawasaki Disease Using Genetic Variants of BLK and FCGR2A

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) are clinically heterogeneous because its diagnosis is based solely on clinical observation and there are no definitive biomarkers. We dissected the clinical heterogeneity of KD patients using the KD-associated genetic variants. METHODS: We performed a genetic association analysis in several KD subgroups categorized by clinical characteristics using the KD-associated variants of the B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK; rs6993775) and Fc gamma receptor II a (FCGR2A; rs1801274) in a large number of case (n=1,011) and control (n=4,533) samples. RESULTS: BLK and FCGR2A were very significantly associated with KD in Korean KD patients (odds ratio [OR],1.48; p=4.63×10⁻¹¹ for BLK, and OR, 1.26; p=1.42×10⁻⁴ for FCGR2A). However, in KD subgroup analysis, we found that neither BLK nor FCGR2A were associated with either incomplete Kawasaki disease (iKD) type patients or those older than 5 years of age (p>0.2), suggesting that patients with iKD or those older than 5 years of age are a unique subgroup of KD. In genetic association analysis after excluding iKD patients and those older than 5 years old, we found that BLK was associated with all KD subgroups, whereas FCGR2A was specifically associated with male KD patients younger than 1 year of age (OR, 2.22; p=2.35×10⁻⁵). CONCLUSIONS: KD is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease. These findings will provide new insights into the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of KD.

Assessment of the Clinical Heterogeneity of Kawasaki Disease Using Genetic Variants of BLK and FCGR2A

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#Patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) are clinically heterogeneous because its diagnosis is based solely on clinical observation and there are no definitive biomarkers. We dissected the clinical heterogeneity of KD patients using the KD-associated genetic variants.@*METHODS@#We performed a genetic association analysis in several KD subgroups categorized by clinical characteristics using the KD-associated variants of the B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK; rs6993775) and Fc gamma receptor II a (FCGR2A; rs1801274) in a large number of case (n=1,011) and control (n=4,533) samples.@*RESULTS@#BLK and FCGR2A were very significantly associated with KD in Korean KD patients (odds ratio [OR],1.48; p=4.63×10⁻¹¹ for BLK, and OR, 1.26; p=1.42×10⁻⁴ for FCGR2A). However, in KD subgroup analysis, we found that neither BLK nor FCGR2A were associated with either incomplete Kawasaki disease (iKD) type patients or those older than 5 years of age (p>0.2), suggesting that patients with iKD or those older than 5 years of age are a unique subgroup of KD. In genetic association analysis after excluding iKD patients and those older than 5 years old, we found that BLK was associated with all KD subgroups, whereas FCGR2A was specifically associated with male KD patients younger than 1 year of age (OR, 2.22; p=2.35×10⁻⁵).@*CONCLUSIONS@#KD is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease. These findings will provide new insights into the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of KD.

Identification of LEF1 as a Susceptibility Locus for Kawasaki Disease in Patients Younger than 6 Months of Age

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile vasculitis predominately affecting infants and children. The dominant incidence age of KD is from 6 months to 5 years of age, and the incidence is unusual in those younger than 6 months and older than 5 years of age. We tried to identify genetic variants specifically associated with KD in patients younger than 6 months or older than 5 years of age. We performed an age-stratified genome-wide association study using the Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip data (296 cases vs. 1,000 controls) and a replication study (1,360 cases vs. 3,553 controls) in the Korean population. Among 26 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested in replication study, only a rare nonsynonymous SNP (rs4365796: c.1106C>T, p.Thr369Met) in the lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) gene was very significantly associated with KD in patients younger than 6 months of age (odds ratio [OR], 3.07; p(combined) = 1.10 × 10⁻⁵), whereas no association of the same SNP was observed in any other age group of KD patients. The same SNP (rs4365796) in the LEF1 gene showed the same direction of risk effect in Japanese KD patients younger than 6 months of age, although the effect was not statistically significant (OR, 1.42; p = 0.397). This result indicates that the LEF1 gene may play an important role as a susceptibility gene specifically affecting KD patients younger than 6 months of age.

Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Self-evaluation Questionnaire for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There is uncertainty about how to measure outcomes reported by patients in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study was conducted to develop an instrument and to determine of the definition of respondent for a patient reported outcomes to assess the efficacy of a treatment used for GERD treatment. METHODS: A structural process has developed a self-evaluation questionnaire for GERD (SEQ-GERD); health-related quality of life questionnaire for GERD (GERD-QOL) was translated through cross-cultural validation. Two-week reproducibility was evaluated and construct validity was assessed by correlating the SEQ-GERD with the Patient Assessment of Gastrointestinal Disorders (PAGI-SYM), the reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ), and GERD-QOL. Changes in SEQ-GERD scores were compared to assess the discriminative validity following 4 weeks of proton pump inhibitor administration. RESULTS: A total of 83 Korean patients were included (mean age 46 ± 14 years, females 61.4%). The internal consistency of the 19-item SEQ-GERD was good (alpha = 0.60–0.94) and the test–retest reliability was high (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.67–0.95). The SEQ-GERD highly correlated with the GERD domain of the PAGI-SYM (correlation coefficient r = 0.894, P < 0.001), the RDQ-GERD (r = 0.877, P < 0.001), and GERD-QOL (r =−0.536, P < 0.05). SEQ-GERD scores significantly varied according to the overall treatment effectiveness scale of drug responsiveness and significantly decreased after drug treatment (mean differences according to the overall treatment effectiveness scale, P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: This study supports that SEQ-GERD is reliable and valid, and can be used to evaluate the treatment response in patients with GERD.

Local Postoperative Complications after Surgery for Intertrochanteric Fractures Using Cephalomedullary Nails / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: Cephalomedullary nails (CMN) are commonly used for the surgical treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. This study aimed to evaluate overall postoperative local complications by reviewing patients who received surgical treatment using three different types of implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample included 353 patients (107 males, 246 females) who underwent surgery using CMN for intertrochanteric fractures. Three different types of implants were used: i) the Gamma3® (Stryker) in 80 cases, ii) the Targon® PF (Aesculap) in 225 cases, and iii) the Compression Hip Nail® (Trademedics) in 48 cases. The mean age was 82.6 (range, 60–109) years and the average follow-up period was 15 (range, 6–80) months. Postoperative local complications and risk factors of cut-out were assessed. RESULTS: The most common complication was cut-out (n=26). Other complications included non-union (n=3), periprosthetic fracture (n=2), avascular necrosis (n=1), heterotopic ossification (n=1), and sleeve pull out (n=1). Multivariate analysis revealed that the cut-out group had a higher rate of poor reduction compared to the non-complicated group (P < 0.001). Although the mean tip-apex distance (TAD) was 18.4 mm in the non-complicated group, lower than that of the cut-out group (P=0.001), multivariate analysis revealed that TAD was not a significant risk factor for cut-out (P=0.065). CONCLUSION: Cut-out is the most common local complication associated with surgical treatment of intertrochanteric fractures using CMN. Proper reduction appears to be important in lowering the risk of cut-out. Maintaining low TAD is another critical factor in achieving sufficient fixation of lag screw to the subchondral bone of the femoral head.

Normative Values of Physical Examinations Commonly Used for Cerebral Palsy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish normative values and to identify age-related change in physical examinations that are commonly used while evaluating patients with cerebral palsy (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred four healthy volunteers (mean age 36 years, standard deviation 15 years) were enrolled and divided into four age groups: 13−20, 21−35, 36−50, and 51 years and older. The eighteen physical examination tests for CP were selected by five orthopedic surgeons in consensus-building session. The measurements were taken by three orthopedic surgeons. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the measures of physical examination among all the age groups, except for the Staheli test (p=0.002). The post hoc test revealed that the mean hip extension was 2.7° higher in the 13−20-year-old group than in the other age groups. The bilateral popliteal angle had a tendency to increase in those over 36-years-old. There were 31 participants (30%) with a unilateral popliteal angle greater than 40°. CONCLUSION: We documented normative values that can be widely used for evaluating CP in patients 13 years and older.