Safety and Efficacy of Bearxat(R)XL Tablet (alfuzosin 10 mg) in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Prospective Multicenter Study of Primary Care Clinics / 대한남성과학회지

PURPOSE: A prospective multi-center study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of alfuzosin (10 mg), for male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in primary care clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred twenty-four patients with complaints of LUTS associated with BPH were enrolled from 17 clinics. Patients received a 12-week course of 10 mg alfuzosin (Bearxat(R)XL Tablet) once daily, and underwent follow-up at 2~4 and 12 weeks post-treatment. The maximum flow rate (Qmax) and residual urine volume (RUV) were measured at each visit. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL), and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) were evaluated at baseline and post-treatment. During the study period, the presence of orthostatic hypotension was evaluated by blood pressure measurement before and after a postural change. Any adverse effects of alfuzosin including retrograde ejaculation were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 324 enrolled patients, 62 (19.1%) patients dropped out and a total of 262 patients were evaluated. Each value of Qmax, RUV, IPSS, QoL, and IIEF-5 was significantly improved from 14.19+/-8.85 ml/sec, 41.10+/-81.44 ml, 18.04+/-7.36, 3.81+/-0.86, and 11.75+/-6.91, respectively, at baseline, to 15.68+/-6.25 ml/sec, 24.29+/-29.46 ml, 12.19+/-5.59, 2.54+/-0.91, and 12.33+/-7.55, respectively, at end-point. Retrograde ejaculation was found in 2 patients (2/255, 0.78%) at 2~4 weeks and 1 patient (1/152, 0.66%) at 12 weeks. The frequency of orthostatic hypotension was 13.27% (30/226) at baseline, 13.11% (27/206, p=0.8658) at 2~4 weeks, and 14.29% (19/133, p=0.8348) at end-point. The number of patients with adverse events was 36 where the number of adverse events was 60. Among those 60 adverse events, 8 events were related to treatment, which consisted of headache (2), dizziness (2), palpitation (1), voiding difficulty (1), erectile dysfunction (1), and arthralgia (1). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with alfuzosin (10 mg) once daily led to significant improvements in LUTS associated with BPH and QoL in primary care clinic patients. alfuzosin (10 mg) use resulted in few hypotensive events, no deleterious effect on sexual function, and no drug related SAEs during the study. The study findings suggest that alfuzosin (10 mg) can be safely prescribed in primary care clinics for male LUTS with efficacy.

Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Operation in Stress Urinary Incontinence: Comparison between Local Versus General Anesthesia Groups / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: To assess the differences between local and general anesthesia, with the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) operation, in relation to the clinical outcome, surgical complications and degree of satisfaction of women with stress incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nonrandomized, retrospective study was performed on 65 patients having undergone a tension-free vaginal tape operation between April 1999 and June 2001. After explaining the anesthetic procedure to the patients, 35 did not want to be admitted, so chose local anesthesia, with the other 30 choosing general anesthesia. The clinical outcomes of the operation were evaluated by telephone interviews, and the definition of success or failure determined by Stamey's criteria. RESULTS: The mean follow-up periods of the patients with local and general anesthesia were 14.2 (6.1-31.3) and 12.6 (6.4-30.7) months, respectively. The success rates with local and general anesthesia were 94.2 and 96.6%, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups. The mean post-void residual urine volumes were 51.6 (8-210) and 47.4 (5-180)ml, respectively, and the indwelling periods of the Foley catheter were 1.9 (1.1-12.8) and 2.2 (1.3-11.5) days, respectively. Bladder perforations occurred in 2 patients under local anesthesia and in 3 under general anesthesia, which was cured by an indwelling catheter over a 2 day period. CONCLUSIONS: The TVT procedure was a very effective and safe surgical treatment for female stress urinary incontinence, and there were no differences in the success rates and surgical complications between anesthesia groups. Considering the cost and admission period, local anesthesia may be better than general anesthesia, but a longer-term follow-up will be required.

Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Operation in Stress Urinary Incontinence: Comparison between Local Versus General Anesthesia Groups / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: To assess the differences between local and general anesthesia, with the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) operation, in relation to the clinical outcome, surgical complications and degree of satisfaction of women with stress incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nonrandomized, retrospective study was performed on 65 patients having undergone a tension-free vaginal tape operation between April 1999 and June 2001. After explaining the anesthetic procedure to the patients, 35 did not want to be admitted, so chose local anesthesia, with the other 30 choosing general anesthesia. The clinical outcomes of the operation were evaluated by telephone interviews, and the definition of success or failure determined by Stamey's criteria. RESULTS: The mean follow-up periods of the patients with local and general anesthesia were 14.2 (6.1-31.3) and 12.6 (6.4-30.7) months, respectively. The success rates with local and general anesthesia were 94.2 and 96.6%, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups. The mean post-void residual urine volumes were 51.6 (8-210) and 47.4 (5-180)ml, respectively, and the indwelling periods of the Foley catheter were 1.9 (1.1-12.8) and 2.2 (1.3-11.5) days, respectively. Bladder perforations occurred in 2 patients under local anesthesia and in 3 under general anesthesia, which was cured by an indwelling catheter over a 2 day period. CONCLUSIONS: The TVT procedure was a very effective and safe surgical treatment for female stress urinary incontinence, and there were no differences in the success rates and surgical complications between anesthesia groups. Considering the cost and admission period, local anesthesia may be better than general anesthesia, but a longer-term follow-up will be required.

Efficacy of Cadaveric Fascia Lata Patch Sling Procedure in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The clinical outcome of a sling operation using a cadaveric fascia lata patch was evaluated to determine the efficacy and safety of the treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty one patients with SUI, who were treated with a sling operation using a cadaveric fascia lata patch from June 1999, were analyzed. The preoperative evaluation included the patients' history, a physical examination, urinalysis, a urodynamic test, a Q-tip test and incontinence staging with the Stamey grade. The follow-up ranged from 4-24 months (mean 14.5). All patients were assessed for the outcome of the procedure, subjective satisfaction and complications. RESULTS: Of the 31 women treated, 27 (87.1%) were satisfied with the treatment (16 dry, 11 improved). Mean operative time was 34.4 minutes and the mean hospital stay was 4.6 days. There were no complications related to the cadaveric fascia lata noted. De novo urgency developed in 4 (12.9%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The mean operation time, hospital stay, catheter drainage, and post-operative complications were significantly lower when using a cadaveric fascia lata patch sling procedure compared to the traditional pubovaginal sling operation. However, when compared with the other sling procedures, the short-term success rate is unsatisfactory. A longer follow-up study is needed.

Efficacy of Cadaveric Fascia Lata Patch Sling Procedure in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The clinical outcome of a sling operation using a cadaveric fascia lata patch was evaluated to determine the efficacy and safety of the treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty one patients with SUI, who were treated with a sling operation using a cadaveric fascia lata patch from June 1999, were analyzed. The preoperative evaluation included the patients' history, a physical examination, urinalysis, a urodynamic test, a Q-tip test and incontinence staging with the Stamey grade. The follow-up ranged from 4-24 months (mean 14.5). All patients were assessed for the outcome of the procedure, subjective satisfaction and complications. RESULTS: Of the 31 women treated, 27 (87.1%) were satisfied with the treatment (16 dry, 11 improved). Mean operative time was 34.4 minutes and the mean hospital stay was 4.6 days. There were no complications related to the cadaveric fascia lata noted. De novo urgency developed in 4 (12.9%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The mean operation time, hospital stay, catheter drainage, and post-operative complications were significantly lower when using a cadaveric fascia lata patch sling procedure compared to the traditional pubovaginal sling operation. However, when compared with the other sling procedures, the short-term success rate is unsatisfactory. A longer follow-up study is needed.

A Case of Arteriovenous Hemangioma of the Scrotum and the Urethra / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Hemangioma is the most common congenital anomaly in the human. It represents a proliferation of endothelial cells and has been characterized as a benign neoplasm. Hemangiomas involving the genitalia comprise 2% of all such masses. Arteriovenous hemangioma is a benign congenital lesion that rarely involves the scrotum or urethra and primarily presents during childhood. We report a case of subcutaneous scrotal and urethral hemangioma that has caused persistent urethral bleeding in a 14-year-old boy who was treated by en bloc excision.

Experimental Animal Model of Bacterial Prostatitis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Bacterial prostatitis commonly occurs in adult males but the definite diagno sis and the treatment of the disease are not clearly defined yet. The target of this study is to develop a well-defined experimental model of the prostatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In acute prostatitis model, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 250- 350g were infected with Escherichia coli (O2:K1:H(-)) isolated from the first urine of the acute bacterial prostatitis patients. E. coli was inoculated to the prostate, to the bladder, and to the prostatic urethra. 12 control animals were inoculated with sterilized PBS (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2) by the same routes. Bacterial culture and histopathologic examinations were done. The chronic bacterial prostatitis was also produced with 30 male Wistar rats with the most reliable method resulted from the acute experimental model. Bacterial culture and histopathologic examinations were done. RESULTS: All three routes of inoculation in the acute prostatitis model produced inflam mation of prostate. In the case of bacterial inoculation through the prostatic urethra, the whole part of the prostate was infected without infecting the upper urinary tract. Thus this method was used for the chronic prostatitis model. The inflammation pro gressed with the similar pattern of adult human after three weeks. It successfully developed chronic bacterial prostatitis which was confirmed by the histopathologic study. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the injection of E. coli to the prostatic urethra was the most simple and reproducible method to produce the bacterial prostatitis in the animal model without infecting the upper urinary tract.

Correlation of Valsalva Leak Point Pressure with Clinical and Urodynamic Characteristics in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence

PURPOSE: To determine whether specific clinical and urodynamic characteristics can be used to identify women with stress urinary incontinence(SUI) due to intrinsic sphincteric deficiency, we assessed correlation between Valsalva leak point pressure(VLPP) and other clinical and urodynamic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective analysis was performed of 108 patients who underwent urodynamic evaluation for complaints of urinary leakage. Intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD) was defined as a VLPP of 60cmH2O or less at 150-250ml filling of the bladder. Anatomic incontinence(AI) was defined as a VLPP of 90cmH2O or high. Patients with VLPP between 60 and 90cmH2O were excluded in this study. All patients were evaluated with symptom grade(Stamey), duration of symptom, age, body weight, parity, functional urethral length(FUL) and maximum urethral closure pressure(MUCP). Correlation of VLPP and these parameters were computed. RESULTS: Of the 108 patients, 50 had ISD and 58 had AI. In ISD group, SUI was grade I in 14%, II in 48% and III in 38%. There were significant differences in the incidence between grade I and grade II or III. In AI group, SUI was grade I in 43%, II in 45% and III in 12%. There were significant differences between grade III and grade I or II. The two groups were similar in all other preoperative clinical and urodynamic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The only preoperative clinical index that can predict the presence of intrinsic urethral sphincter dysfunction, as defined by VLPP, was severity of symptom. Higher grades of stress urinary incontinence have a higher likelihood of a low VLPP.

Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence with Autologous Dermal Graft Patch As a New Sling Material / 대한비뇨기과학회지

No abstract available.

Usefulness of Woven Polyester Synthetic (ProteGenTM) Sling for Stress Urinary Incontinence / 대한비뇨기과학회지

No abstract available.

Effect of Antiandrogen on Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide mRNA Expression ofthe Rat Cremaster Nucleus / 대한비뇨기과학회지

No abstract available.

Strategies for treatment of geriatric incontinence in primary care

No abstract available.

Effect of Antiandrogen on Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Receptor of the Rat Gubernaculum / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We attempted to investigate whether calcitonin gene-related peptide binding to receptors in the gubernaculum is different between normal and flutamide-treated rats or pups and whether calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) binding is androgen dependent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Timed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were injected with flutamide or vehicle alone once daily on gestational days 15-19. Weight, anogenital distance and distance from testicle to symphisis pubis of pups of gestational day 20 and rats of neonatal day 1 and 7 were measured. Gubernacular sections from rats of neonatal day 7 were incubated with [125I]human CGRP with various concentrations of unlabeled hCGRP, and those from pups of gestational day 20 and rats of neonatal day 1 were incubated only with [125I]human CGRP. After exposure of gubernacular sections to imaging plate (BAS 2500), the images from the plate were quantified by computerized densitometry (TINA). RESULTS: Weight and anogenital distance of flutamide-treated pups or neonatal rats were significantly smaller and shorter than those of normal pups or neonatal rats (P< 0.01). Though the distance from testicle to symphisis pubis was not significantly different between normal and flutamide-treated pups or neonatal 1 day rats, that of flutamide-treated neonatal 7 day rats was significantly longer than that of normal neonatal 7 day rats (P< 0.01). The total binding counts of [125I]human CGRP on gubernacular sections of normal pups, neonatal 1 day rats and neonatal 7 day rats were 56.3 +/- 24.74, 68.2 +/- 24.90, 78.4 +/- 17.25 (dpm/mg polymer), respectively, and those of flutamide- treated pups, neonatal 1 day rats and neonatal 7 day rats were 43.7 +/- 12.54, 35.1 +/- 8.25, 57.5 +/- 16.27, respectively. There were significant differences between normal and flutamide-treated neonatal 1 day and 7 day rats (P< 0.01). The binding in normal rats was consistently increased from gestational day 20 to neonatal day 7, and it showed weak correlation (r = 0.398, P< 0.05). The binding analysis showed that concentrations of CGRP receptors were 20.0+/- 4.78 amol/mg polymer, 13.3 +/- 3.87 amol/mg polymer for normal and flutamide treated neonatal 7 day rats, respectively, and there was significant difference between normal and flutamide-treated rats (P< 0.01). However there was no significant difference in the dissociation constant between 2 models. The images from the plate in flutamide-treated neonatal 7 day rats looked smaller than those in normal 7 day rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the inguinoscrotal descent of testicle occurs after the gubernacular eversion, CGRP binding in the gubernaculum is androgen dependent, and androgen may not influence CGRP release from genitofemoral nerve because of down regulation of CGRP receptor by antiandrogen. However, the role of CGRP in testicular descent is still obscure and the mechanism of down regulation of CGRP receptor by antiandrogen needs further investigation

In Situ Anterior Vaginal Wall Sling in Patients with Stress Urinary Incontinence / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The clinical outcome of the in situ anterior vaginal wall sling with bone anchor suture fixation was evaluated to determine the efficacy and safety in the treatment of women with anatomical incontinence(AI) and intrinsic sphincteric deficiency(ISD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 62 women(45 with AI and 17 with ISD) underwent this modified sling procedure with the sling anchored to the pubic bone. Preoperative evaluation included detailed history, physical examination, urinalysis, urodynamic test, Q-tip test and incontinence staging with Stamey grade. All patients were followed up on a 3-month basis. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 7.2 months(range 3 to 12), 61 women(98%) reported satisfaction (55 dry, 6 improved). Mean operative time was 72.5 minutes and mean hospital stay was 4.2 days. Mean postoperative catheter drainage was 5.4 days and 3 patients(5%) required prolonged catheter drainage, which required more than 2 weeks but no longer than 1 month. De novo urgency developed in 3(5%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: In situ anterior vaginal wall sling represents an effective, simple and safe option for the treatment of both anatomic incontinence and intrinsic sphincteric deficiency.

Inducible Activation of NFkB on Cultured Normal Human Urothelial Cells / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We investigated the inducible response of transcription factor Nuclear Factor Kappa B(NFkB) in response to lipopolysaccharide(LPS), interferons(INFs), and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) on the normal urothelial cells derived from the ureter and the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urothelial cells were harvested from the ureter and the bladder, cultured, passaged and expanded in serum free medium. Immunostaining of the urothelial cells with reacting anti-cytokeratin antibodies was done to identify a stable epithelial phenotype. Cultured human urothelial cells were either untreated and treated with LPS, INFgamma, INFalpha and TNFalpha. Cell extracts were prepared and used for electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) using PRD II-kB as probes for NFkB respectively. RESULTS: We cultured urothelial cells successfully confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. In both urothelial cell types, NFkB bindings with their respective probe were induced by treatment with LPS, INFgamma and TNFalpha. NFkB was weakly induced by INFalpha. For the NFkB complex, a distinctly different migrating pattern of the NFkB was noted between the diffrent urothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Many urothelial diseases are unique to specific areas of the urinary collecting system. The characterization of different inducible responses of transcription factors involved in cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling of genes encoding immunologically relevant proteins provide a unique opportunity for understanding disease presentation and designing specific treatment interventions.

A Case of the Nutcracker Syndrome / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The nutcracker phenomenon consists in the compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteic artery and the aorta, and this syndrome is an infrequent cause of left-sided hematuria. We present a case of the nutcracker syndrome with intermittent gross hematuria to increase the awareness of this possible cause of hematuria.

Tissue Adhesive Vasal Anastomosis Compared to Conventional Sutured and Contact Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG) Laser Vasovasostomy in Rats / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Conventional suture anastomosis using fine non-absorbable suture material is the most commonly used vasovasostomy procedure. But it needs experienced microsurgical skills and prolonged operative time and sometimes it causes local injury to the vas to prevent healing of anastomosis. Recent advances of tissue-welding laser technology in vasovasostomy have resulted in reduced requirement of microsurgical skills, less trauma of anastomotic site and less operative time. Its pitfalls are, however, the difficulty in transfering equal laser energy to anastomotic site and weakness in tensile strength of anastomosis. We conducted this study to determine whether a tissue adhesive which is widely used in clinical field recently could solve the problems of the conventional suture anastomosis and laser technology as mentioned above. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats initially underwent midline scrotal exploration and transection of their vas deferens bilaterally followed by immediate microsurgical vasovasostomy by one of the three experimental methods. All groups initially had the vas ends coapted by two full layered sutured sutures of 10-0 nylon under an operating microscope. The conventionally sutured group had an additional four to six 10-0 nylon sutures. The Nd:YAG laser-assisted group underwent laser welding with denaturation of the serosa to seal the anastomosis. A fibrin glue was placed topically over the coapted vas ends in tissue adhesive group. RESULTS: 1. There were statistically significant differences in operative time among the conventionally sutured (31.5 minutes) group, the laser-assisted (19.4 minutes) group and the tissue adhesive group (14.4 minutes)(p0.05). 3. The patency degree of the vas, measured by the flow rate of saline, was 1.40 ml/min, 1.76 ml/min, and 2.17 ml/min respectively in the conventionally sutured group, the laser-assisted group and the tissue adhesive group and there was statistically significant difference between the conventionally sutured group and the tissue adhesive group(p<0.05). 4. The tensile strength of the anastomosed vas was 112.9 g, 100.2 g, and 124.8 g respectly in the conventionally sutured group, the laser-assisted group and the tissue adhesive group and there was statistically significant difference between the laser-assisted group and the tissue adhesive group(p<0.05). 5. Histological findings showed relatively thick fibrotic scar on the anastomotic plain of the conventional suture group and limited scar formation on that of the laser-assisted group and the tissue adhesive group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that vasovasostomy using fibrin glue tissue adhesive does not need expert microsurgical skill, requires less operative time and would give more favorable postoperative results than conventionally sutured or laser-assisted vasovasostomy.

Inducible Activation of NFkappaB in Lour Grade and High Grade Transitional Carcinoma Cell Lines / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: While the exact inflammatory and immunological mechanisms involved in the induction of immunotherapy for superficial bladder carcinoma are mostly unknown, many of these mechanisms are mediated through the activation of transcription factors involved in signal transduction pathways Nuclear Factor Kappa B(NFkappaB) signal transduction pathways induce transcription factors that activate genes encoding immunological proteins such as cytokines and cell Surface maskers. This study investigates the activation pattern of NFkappaB by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), interferon gamma(INFgamma), and tissue necrosis factor alpha(TNFalpha) in low(RT4) and high(T24) grade transitional carcinoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Low and high grade transitional carcinoma cell lines were cultured with Eagle's minimum essential medium. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays(EMSA) of whole cell extracts from cell cultures of RT4 and T24 after exposure to LPS, INFgamma and TNFalpha, activation of NFkappaB complex has been demonstrated. Degradation of IkappaB has been demonstrated by Western blot analysis using IkappaBalpha /MAD-3. RESULTS: NFkappaB complex was induced by TNFalpha in both RT4 and T24 cells as determined by EMSA. NFalphaB complex was also Induced by INFgamma in the RT4 cells but not in the T24 cells. However in LPS treatment, the NFkappaB complex was strongly induced in T24 cells and the induction was very weak in RT4 cells. Inhibitor of NFkappaB (IkappaBalpha) was degraded rapidly after LPS treatment in the T24 cells as determined by Western blot analysis with IkappaBalpha specific antibody. However, the level of IkappaBalpha protein was same in the RT4 cells before and after LPS treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of differences in low and high grade tumor cell lines in the inducibility of transcription factors by LPS and INFgamma provide an opportunity for understanding the observed differences in the mechanisms within the signal transduction pathways will ultimately create disease specific as well as patient specific treatments for these malignant urothelial disorders.

First stage reconstruction of ambiguous external genitalia in children

The criteria for the identification of sex are as follows; sex chromosome and chromatin, gonadal structure, morphology of the external genitalia, morphology of the internal genitalia, hormonal status, sex of rearing and gender role. During these steps, any disturbance may be presented clinically as a disorder of intersexuality. Hermaphroditism is a state of having ambiguous genitalia due to abnormal sexual differentiation. We experienced three children with ambiguous external genitalia. Two patients were male pseudohemaphrodites, who had a normal male chromosomal constitution of 46XY with incomplete masculinization of the external genitalia and hypospadia. One patient was female pseudohemaphrodite, who had a normal female chromosomal constitution of 46XX with male phallus-like enlarged clitoris associated with posterior labial fusion and single perineal urogenital orifice. There was elevated urinary 17 ketosteriod and hypertrophied adrenal gland on CT scan. We planned staged reconstruction because they were children. First stage reconstruction were surgical restoration of the ambiguous external genitalia to normal appearance and removal of contradictory gonadal structure as early as possible. Second stage reconstruction includes reconstruction of secondary sex characteristics after puberty such as mammaplasty, vaginoplasty, and facial plasty. Hormonal therapy was necessary for normalization of hormonal status and promotion of expression of secondary sex characteristics. In first stage reconstruction, we performed clitoroplasty by use of glans penis island flap with dorsal neurovascular bundle, labioplasty and orchiectomy in two male hermaphroites. All neoclitoris survived well with good preservation of sensation.

A Case of Intravesical Migration of Intrauterine Device with Stone Formation / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The migration of intra-uterine devices into the bladder with the formation of stone occurs rarely. We report a case of bladder stone developed on Lippes loop migrated from the uterus.