[Effect of massage aromatherapy with lavender oil on pain intensity of active phase of labor in nulliparous women]

Delivery pain is one of the most severe pain that women experience in their life. Recently drug intervention s are more effectiveness than non drug intervention for reduction labor pain but those are more expensive and harmful. Aromatherapy with lavandula is one of the non-pharmacological methods for pain relief. This study objective is the effect of massage aromatherapy with Lavender oil on pain intensity of active phase of labor in nulliparous women. This research had been a single blind randomized clinical trial on, term pregnant women who admitted to mahdieh hospital in tehran city in 2007 - 2008 that referred to vaginal delivery. Ninety women divided into three groups. First group took only massage. Second group took massage with Almond oil, and third group took massage aromatherapy with Lavender oil. Each group received back effleurage massage for 20 minutes. Their pain severity evaluated before and after intervention with VAS scale. Then data were analyzed by in paired t, chi square, Anova and post hoc test. Massage aromatherapy with Lavandula has decreased pain intensity of active phase of labor before and after intervention significantly [p= 0.0001], whiles mean labor pain intensity has decreased before intervention from 6.56 +/- 1.63 to 4.78 +/- 1.50 after intervention. Also aromatherapy has decreased pain intensity of active phase of labor after intervention [P= 0.001] and has caused patient satisfaction from delivery [P=0.014]. With regard to efficacious massage, particular massage with Lavender oil and parturient satisfaction of massage aromatherapy then it can be use in relief delivery pain and patients satisfaction until not only create good memory of delivery but also prevention from elective section due to fray of vaginal delivery and medical high expenses

[ effect of saliva officinalis hydroalcoholic extract on analgesic effect of morphine in rat]

There are some reports in Iranian traditional medicine concerning the anti-inflammatory effect of Saliva Officinalis [SO]. In the present study with the aim of decreasing analgesic dose of morphine, analgesic effect of different doses of SO hydroalcoholic extract alone and associated with morphine were evaluated by tail flick in rats. Analgesic effects of SO hydroalcholic extract at doses of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p. were investigated. Then the influence of these doses associated with analgesic dose of morphine [2.5 mg/kg] was evaluated. Rats were placed into restrainer and then transferred into the tail flick apparatus with the intensity 55§C and cut off time=10 sec. In order to verify the role of opioid receptors on analgesic effect of SO extract, naloxone [1mg/kg, i.p.] was administered to one group of rats 15 min before receiving 800 mg/kg extract. Then, the data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test and significant difference between groups was accepted with P<0.05. The Data have shown that, the SO extract relieved pain in tail-flick test dose dependently and the most effective dose was 800 mg/kg. The maximum analgesic effect of the extract combined with morphine was observed at time point 45 min. Naloxane, opioid receptor antagonist could reduce analgesic effect of the extract. On the basis the results obtained in this study, it could be suggested that the SO extract potentiates morphine antinociceptive effect and this means that the opioid system may be involved in the analgesic effect of this plant extract

Study of analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of cinammom

The side effects due to application of synthetic analgesic drugs in the clinical practice have turned on researchers to focus on development of herbal medicine as more appropriate analgesic agents. The aim of this study was evaluation the analgesic effects of hydroalcholic extract of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum in comparison with morphine and aspirin. For preparing the hydroalcoholic extract of Cinnamomum the maceration method was used. Wistar male rats were divided into eight groups of 6 rats, randomly and treated groups have received 200, 400, 600, 800 mg/kg extract and the two positive control groups received 2.5 mg/kg morphine or 300mg/kg aspirin. Negative control group received normal saline [5ml/kg] and an additional group also received 600 mg/kg extract+1 mg/kg naloxan intraperitonealy respectively. 50 |iil formalin 2.5% was injected in right hindpaw subcutaneously and analgesic behaviors were scored. The results revealed that the Cinnamomum Zeylanicum extract had analgesic effect as dose-dependent and its analgesic effective dose was 600 mg/kg. Our results showed that the analgesic effect of its best effective dose [600mg/kg] on acute pain was more than aspirin while it was less than morphine. Also the effect of extract on chronic pain was less than morphine and aspirin. There were no significant differences between analgesic effects of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum extract with naloxone or alone. We concluded that the analgesic effect of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum extract is dose-dependent and is driven negatively through opioid receptors

[ effect of chloramphenicol on atropine and scopolamine contents in datura stramonium L]

In regard to the importance of atropine and scopolamine as medicines with natural source, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of chloramphenicol as an inhibitor of protein synthesis on the alkaloids content of Datura stramonium. After initial preparation of medicinal garden seeds, they were planted 50 cm apart in four different sections. Three different concentrations of chloramphenicol [100, 200 and 400 ppm] were sprayed on the plant once a week for a period of 18 weeks. Water was applied for the control group. Replicate samples were taken randomly every two weeks from each section. After extraction and separation of the samples, the quantitative analyses were carried out. The levels of atropine and scopolamine were determined using UV spectroscopy [¹³CNMR, UV, IR, Mass]. The maximum levels of alkaloids were observed in young stems of the plants. The best result was obtained following applying the concentration of 200 ppm, which caused a significant increase in atropine and scopolamine levels in all parts of plant by 100% and 110% respectively in comparison with the control group [p< 0.005]. Increase in the availability of amino acids may lead to an increase of alkaloids production following protein inhibition synthesis

[Effect of aromatherapy on anxiety level among preoperative patients]

Surgery can cause high levels of anxiety in patients. Preoperative anxiety can increase postoperative pain and need for postoperative analgesia, delay wound healing and increase stay in hospital. Nurses often look for ways to help control anxiety following surgery and disease. Aromatherapy is currently recognized as a complementary therapy and tool holistic nursing care in many countries that may help patients and lower their anxiety. The aim of this study was evaluation the effect of inhalation aromatherapy on level of anxiety in patient before abdominal and heart surgery. This research is a randomized clinical trial on 72 preoperative patients who admitted to Golestan and Emam Khomeini hospitals in Ahvaz city in 2008. Patients divided in two groups; first group took inhalation aromatherapy with lavender oil and second group took water vapor as inhalation placebo. The level of anxiety evaluated by Spielberger's State Anxiety questionnaire before and after intervention and vital sign documented. The data were analyzed by t and chi square tests. The results of study showed that mean of anxiety rate before intervention in inhalation aromatherapy group was 51.00 +/- 8.94 and after intervention decreased to 38.61 +/- 9.79, whiles this mean before placebo group was 50.67 +/- 9.69 and after, received to 49.53 +/- 9.37. Statical paires t-test reveals no significant difference between mean before intervention in two groups [P=0.88], but after intervention the result showed significant statistic difference between them [p=0.001]. The findings imply that inhalation aromatherapy decreased anxiety in preoperative patients and can use as a complementary therapy

Formulation and evaluation of green tea antibacterial mouthwash effect on the aerobic mouth bacterial load

Green tea [Camellia sinensis, Teacea family] contains antioxidant and antimicrobial agents,and has a protective effect on the health of teeth. The aim of this study was to make a stable formulation of green tea aqueous extract and to verify its antimicrobial effects on the oral aerobic bacterial load. A total of 25 female volunteer students whithin the age range of 20 through 25 years were evaluated by using 0.2, 0.5 and 1% plant tannin aqueous solution on their aerobic bacteria streptococcus mutan species and the kinds of staphylococcus living in mouth. In order to evaluate the specific role of alcohol, a green tea mouthwash containing 1% tannin plus 10% alcohol was compared with a same alcohol-free formulation. Also in a separate test, a comparative study was performed between the above alcoholic green tea mouthwash and the commercial chlorhexidine 0.2%. The aqueous extract containing 1% tannin was more effective than other concentrations [P<0.05]. There was no significant difference between any of the formulations of green tea mouthwashes whether or not alcohol was incorporated [P>0.05]. Also, no difference was observed between the herbal and chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwashes in terms of their antibacterial activities on the aerobic mouth bacterial load. The results of this study suggest that tannin 1% aqueous green tea extract is as effective as chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash in reducing oral aerobic bacteria. The use of this herbal mouthwash may also be safer, especially in children and pregnant women

[Effect of white mulberry leaves hydro-alcoholic extract on carrageenan-induced inflammation in male rat's hind paw]

Reviews of literature indicate that hydro- alcoholic extract of white mulberry leaves, possesses anti-inflammatory effects such as inhibition of nitric oxide, PGE2 and cytokines, which urged us to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of this leaves hydro-alholic extract on carrageenan- induced paw edema in rat. Hydroalcoholic extract of white mulberry [Morus alba] leaves was prepared by ethanol [70% V/V] and soxhlet's method. The rats grouped as: Intraperitoneal [ip] extract receiving [200, 400, 600 mg/kg], positive control [aspirin 300 mg/kg] and group that received saline. Thirty minutes folio wing the ip injection of materials, carrageenan [1% W/V] was injected into the rat's hind paw and the changes in rat's paw edema was assessed by plethysmometer for five hours at intervals of one hour. Compared with aspirin, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of extract had lower effect on reduction of rat's paw edema [P<0.001]. However, there was no significant difference between the group that received 600 mg/kg extract and aspirin group. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Morus alba leaves at 600 mg/kg dose similar to aspirin [300 mg/kg], significantly reduced the paw edema of rats and showed effective anti-inflammatory activity