[Prevalence of Entrobius vermicularis [pinworm] infection and its relationship with clinical manifestations of oxyurosis, in children between 1 and 6 years of age in oraman region of Marivan]

Background and Aim: oxyuris or pin worm is a type of roundworm [nematode genus Enterobius] which has small, thin, white slender shape. The size of adult male is about 2 to 5 mm and adult female measures 8 to 13 mm in length. The purpose of this cross- sectional study was to determine the prevalence of oxyuriasis and its correlation with clinical manifestation and allergic symptoms among children between 1 and 6 years of age in "Oraman Takht" region of Marivan, in Iran. "Oraman Takht" region consists of 10 villages. A total number of 845 children between 1and 6 years of age, were living in this area

Material and Method: using systematic random sampling method, 338 children were enrolled in the study. Data were collected by means of a special questionnaire, microscopic examination of scotch tape test specimens and peripheral blood smear. Data about parents, education and occupation and children's sex and age, were recorded in a questionnaire for every subject. Peripheral blood smear were obtained from all children and was examined by a hematologist for presence of eosinophilia. Scotch tape tests were prepared by the parents after necessary instructions, and examined for the presence of oxyuriasis ova by a parasitologist

Results: among 340 children in our study 139 [%41.1] were infected by E. vermicularis. The prevalence rate of infection was %37.4 in the boys and %45.3 in the girls. There was not a significant relationship between E. vermiculris infection and its clinical manifestation and allergic disease symptoms. 22 [%6.4] children showed eosinophilia in their peripheral blood smears, among them 17 [%77.3] were infected by E. vermicularis, too. There was a significant relationship between eosinophilia and E.vermicularis infection [p‹0.001]

Conclusion: considering the results and importance of this subject and for better control and prevention of parasitic infection, we suggest necessary training and education for the people in regard to the life cycle of the parasite, transfer and prevention of infection. Measures for improvement of economical status, public and personal healths are recommended. Finally all the household members should be treated at the same time

[Electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus muscles during squat with isometric hip adduction in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome and healthy athletes]

Patellofemoral is a pain syndrome, common among athletes and the theraputic regiment based on the improvement of muscle involved in this disorder. This study was done to compare electromyography activity of the vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus during squat with isometric hip adduction in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome and healthy athletes. This case-control study was carried out on 16 national team male athletes [volleyball, handball and taekwondo] aged 30-18 years with patellofemoral pain syndrome and 16 healthy male athletes. Subjects were matched based on weight, height, age, dominant of lower extremity and voluntarily participated. Electromyography activity of vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus muscles recorded by surface electrodes at 15, 30 and 45 knee flexion degrees. Paired t test was used to compare electromyography activities in each group and One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was used to compare each muscle in different angles. There was significant differences in the activity of vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus muscles in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome at 45 knee flexion degree [P<0.05]. There were no significant differences between the muscle activities in healthy athletes at none of the knee flexion degrees. There were significant differences in the activity of vastus medialis obliques [P<0.05] and vastus lateralis longus [P<0.05] muscles at 45 degrees in comparison with muscle activities in each group in knee flexion degrees. Electromyography activity of the vastus medialis obliques in healthy athletes during squat with isometric hip adduction at 45 knee flextion is greater than other degrees and in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome is greater than healthy athletes

Arsenic in soil, vegetation and water of a contaminated region

Arsenic concentrations of surface waters, soils and plants were surveyed in three contaminated villages of Bijar County. Total arsenic in water samples [4.5 to 280 micro g/L] was correlated with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, calcium and sodium [p<0.001]. Total arsenic in the soils ranged from 105.4 to 1500 mg/kg. Some of the soil factors play an important role in soil arsenic content and its bioavailability for organisms. In general, the arsenic concentrations in plants were low, especially in the most common wild species. Among 13 plant species, the highest mean arsenic concentration was found in leaves of Mentha Longifolia [79.4 mg/kg]. Arsenic levels in soils and plants were positively correlated, while the ability of the plants to accumulate the element, expressed by their biological accumulation coefficients and arsenic transfer factors, was independent of the soil arsenic concentration. Relationships between the arsenic concentrations in plants, soils and surface water and the environmental aspects of these relationships have been discussed in comparison with literature data. The accumulation of arsenic in environmental samples [soil, sediment, water, plant, etc.] poses a potential risk to human health due to the transfer of this element in aquatic media, their uptake by plants and subsequent introduction into the food chain

[Investigation of a medicinal and ornamental plant propagation, the cereus peruvianus mill, and using tissue culture technique]

The extracted juice and alkaloeids of the medicinal and ornamental cactus Cereus peruvianus are contain a lot of effective compounds which widely use in medicine and agricultural industries. Propagation of this plant using conventional method [seed, cutting, offset] is very slow and its mass production is possible by tissue culture technique. The aim of this study was the micropropagation possibility and recognition of some of its different aspects, and determination of suitable medium and hormonal composition at in-vitro conditions of cereus. The experimental design was compeletly randomized with 3 replication and each replicate was contained 5 sample. After surface disinfection the explants were cultured on MS basal medium containing%3 sucrose,8 g/1 phytoagar and different treatment of plant growth regulators [IBA, NAA, Kinetin, BAP, 2,4-D, GA3, TDZ] and pH=5/8. After 45 days, some parameters such as effectivness of culture media in percent of regeneration from areole, production of friable callus and rooting in all treatments were recorded. In this research The best growth of friable callus was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 0.07mg/l TDZ and 0.05 mg/1 NAA and 4mg/l 2,4-D with 6mg/l kinetin for regeneration of areole and 4mg/l 2,4-D and 4mg/l kinetin for rooting was the most favorable medium.High regeneration potential was observed after 2.5-3 months of culture. Eight different media was selected for plantlet regeneration.There is a significant difference between regeneration of areole in cereus peruvianus var monstrosus and cereus peruvianus var tortuosus. As for to the importance of the extracted juice and alkaloeids of the cactus Cereus peruvianus Propagation of this plant using by conventional method is very slow and propagation it of areol in addition to economical is very fast

[Comparison of radiographic findings between mandibular asymmetric and symmetric patients]

By considering the extensive dimensions of asymmetry, it seems that the evaluation in a single radiographic view is not adequate and it is better to evaluate it through different aspects. To compare the radiographic findings of patients with mandibular asymmetry and normal subjects, and to define the asymmetry index in this group of patients. In this descriptive case-control study, Posterior- Anterior PA cephalometric, panoramic and condylar tomographic views of twenty patients, including 10 asymmetric patients with the mean age of 17.8 years [6 female, 4 male] and 10 symmetric subjects with the mean age of 17.6 years [6 female, 4 male] were evaluated. The control and experimental groups were matched by Cervical Vertebra Maturation Stage index and nearly chronological age. In PA cephalometry radiographs, 8 indices were evaluated in two categories of horizontal indices and vertical indices. After measuring condylar and ramal heighs in panoramic views, condylar and ramal indices were determined. In tomograms three images comprising of posterior, middle and Anterior were obtained from right and left sides. The average of maximum medio lateral dimension of condyle was calculated as tomographic index. Paired sample test analysis using SPSS V[10] with%95 confidence interval is applied for analysis. Mean tomographic indices in control and cases groups were reported 2.91 and 4.98 respectively. Condylar and ramus indices in control group were 0.07 and 0.01, and in case group, were 0.04 and 0.01. There is no significant difference between experimental and control groups on all of the mentioned radiographic indices. Tomography, PA cephalometry, panoramic and tomography views are helpful in the diagnosis of asymmetry. But they don't introduce a definitive borderline in the form of asymmetry indices

Comparison of anteroposterior thickness of elite sprinters and distance runners' abdominal muscles

Abdominal muscles are known to have great effects on the locomotion and stabilization of trunk, as well as, contribution to the respiratory functions. These cited functions are of much importance, especially when an individual performs professional sport activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of professional sprinting and distance running [track and field] activity, on the abdominal muscles of the respective athletes. 18 elite male runners [9 distance runners and 9 sprinters] were selected simply, with no randomization, aged 18-22 years. Measurement of abdominal muscles thickness was performed by a clinical ultrasonography machine, furnished with a curvilinear probe, emitting 7.5 MHz ultrasonic waves. Athletes were supine and still throughout the test, the probe was placed on two points of athletes' left abdomen, known as standard points for ultrasonography of abdominal muscles. The anteroposterior [AP] thicknesses of all abdominal muscles, had statistically significant differences between the two groups of runners, as the rectus abdominis muscle [RA] [P < 0.001]. Internal and external Oblique muscles [IO and EO] were thicker in the sprinters group; and in contrast, the transversus abdominis muscle [TA] owned more thickness among the distance runners [P < 0.05]. A long term physical exercise has specific effects on postural and motive muscles. So, sprinting sports have the most effect on postural muscles and distance running has the most effect on motive muscles