RESUMO
Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are frequently used in many fields, including food industry fortheir antimicrobial activity. Acute exposure to high doses of such particles was found to be toxic to many organs.However, the lung toxicity resulting from chronic exposure to oral doses of ZnO-NPs was not adequately assessedbefore.Aim of the work: to detect the anatomical and histopathological effects of chronic exposure to ingested ZnO-NPson the lung of normal adult male albino rat.Material and methods: It was carried out on 30 adult male Swiss albino rats with an average weight of 150-200gm. They were divided into two groups: Group I: 10 rats serving as control group; Group II: 20 rats serving asexperimental groups, divided into 2 subgroups (a&b) receiving oral ingestion by orogastric tube of a single dailydose (125mg/ kg) of average 20 nm sized ZnO-NPs for different durations: Group IIa (n=10): for 120 days; GroupIIb (n=10): for 180 days. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the lungs in the three groups was performedto detect the possible effect of such exposure.Results: Oral administration of ZnO-NPs induced lung damage manifested by congested blood vessels, interstitialinflammation, infiltration with macrophages& lymphocytes, supurative granuloma, thickened interalveolarsepta. These changes were more evident with longer exposure for 180 days (P < 0.5). This substantial damage tothe lungs is caused by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.Conclusion: Caution should be considered when using these particles in food packaging and food additives, andfor those who are in close contact with these particles especially in factories.
RESUMO
Background: Surgical procedures as coracoid osteotomy, transfer, and fixation are used for management ofrecurrent anterior shoulder instability. However, the peculiar anatomy of bony and soft tissue footprints of thecoracoid, as they relate to these surgical procedures, need further detailed studies owing to its clinical importance.Aim of the work: to obtain safety margin for osteotomy of the coracoid process.Materials and methods: The material of this work included twenty upper limbs of formalin preserved specimensobtained from the dissecting room of anatomy department, faculty of medicine, Alexandria University. Dimensionsof the coracoid process were recorded. Anatomical measurements between the tip of the coracoid process to theanterior and posterior margins of the tendon of pectoralis minor were recorded. Distances between the tip of thecoracoid process and the anterior and posterior margins of coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament,and the most distal point of conoid and trapezoid ligaments were recorded.Results: The mean length, width, and height of the coracoid were 4.25, 1.4, 1.16 cm respectively. The meandistance between the tip of the coracoid process to the anterior and posterior margins of pectoralis minor were1.07 and 2.04 cm respectively. The mean distance between tip of coracoid process and coracoacromial ligament(anterior and posterior margins), coracohumeral, conoid and trapezoid ligaments were 1.32, 2.19, 1.11, 3.70and 2.73 cm respectively.Conclusion: A safety margin of 2.35 cm from the tip of the coracoid process is recommended to avoid injury ofcoracoclavicular ligament. This distance was correlated with the distance between the tip and the posteriormargin of pectoralis minor muscle.