Frequency of Laryngospasm in awake Versus deep Extubation after Intranasal surgery

Objective: To compare the frequency of laryngospasm in awake versus deep extubation after intranasal surgery

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi which is a tertiary care hospital, after seeking permission from Hospital Ethics Committee. Study was carried out for six months, from Feb 2013 till Aug 2013

Material and Methods: Two hundred and fifty patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for this study and divided into two groups of 125 each. Patients of group A were extubated fully awake while the patients assigned to group B were extubated during deep anaesthesia. Patients were then monitored closely for 30 minutes to assess whether they developed laryngospasm or not

Results: The mean age in group-A was 23.92 +/- 5.01 years and in group-B was 24.16 +/- 5.56 years. The mean height in group-A was 169.53 +/- 4.74cm and in group-B was 170.42 +/- 4.34 cm. The mean weight in group-A was 66.18 +/- 6.31 kg and in group-B was 65.67 +/- 6.00 kg. In group-A 72 percent patients were male and 28 percent were female while in group-B 76 percent patients were male and 24 percent patients were female. In group-A 9 [7.2 percent] patients developed laryngospasm and in group B 6 [4.8 percent] patients developed laryngospasm

Conclusion: There is no difference in frequency of laryngospasm in awake versus deep extubation after intranasal surgery

Dynamization in the treatment of delayed union of Femur Fracture

Objective: To assess the outcome of dynamization in delayed union of femoral shaft fractures treated initially with static interlocking nailing

Study Design: The descriptive case series study

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery Jinnah postgraduate medical centre Karachi, from May 2016 to Feb 2017

Material and Methods: Forty-two patients were included in this study who showed delayed healing of femur fractures from six weeks to six months after initial treatment with static interlocking nailing. Full weight bearing was allowed immediately after dynamization. Rests of the cases were treated with exchange nailing or cancellous bone grafting with or without lengthening and achieved satisfactory outcomes. The patients were followed up for at least 9 months and serial radiographs were taken

Results: Most of the patients [71.4 percent] were between 15 to 30 years of age. The average age of the patients was 26.6 +/- 9.6 years [both males and females]. Out of 42 patients, 30 [71 percent] patients were male and 12 [29 percent] were female with 2.5:1 male to female ratio. The mean age for males was 25.05 +/- 7.5 years whereas the mean age for females was 28.14 +/- 6.4 years. Twenty six patients [62 percent] achieved a solid union with a union period of 21.67 +/- 2.5 weeks after dynamization. 6 of 26 patients who achieved solid union developed femoral shortening of 1 cm to 2cm

Conclusion: Dynamization is a simple, day case method that can be tried to improve fracture healing in femoral shaft fractures that show delayed healing after interlocking nailing with a less developed problem of 1 to 2 com shortening

Quality of life in spinal cord injury: experience at a military tertiary care hospital

Background: Spinal Cord Injury can have devastating consequences on an individual's physical and social capabilities. There is a scarcity of studies in Pakistan which identify the factors having a favorable and unfavorable effect on Quality of Life

Objective: Determine the mean satisfaction score using Quality of life and Visual Analogue Scale scores in patients with Spinal Cord Injury

Methods: The study was carried out for 6 months at the Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine [AFIRM], Rawalpindi. Total of 60 patients of SCI, both male and female were recruited by consecutive [non-probability] sampling. Quality of life and Visual Analogue Scale were measured using the Euro Quality of life questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17

Results: The cross sectional descriptive study included 60 patients 49 [81.7%] males and 11 [18.3%] females. The average age in the study group was 32.37 +/- 10 years. The mean duration of injury was 11.5 months +/- 5.18. Employment status, level of education and duration of injury had moderately significant [p<0.05] effect while type of injury had a highly significant [p<0.01] effect on Quality of life and in Spinal cord injury patients. Age, marital status and gender did not have any significant influence on QoL in these patients. VAS score was significantly higher [p=0.002] in SCI patients with incomplete injury as compared to those with complete injury

Conclusion: Spinal cord injury rehabilitation greatly impacts outcome scores. Patient satisfaction can be improved by educating and guiding the patient. Standardized tools need to be used to measure rehab outcomes

Pattern of cognitive impairment after giving total intravenous anaesthesia vs general anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depressive episode severe

Objective: To study the pattern of cognitive impairment after giving total intravenous anesthesia Vs general anesthesia for ECT for patients of Depressive Episode Severe. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Skardu, from 15 Jul 2015 till 15 Jan 2016

Material and Methods: Hundred patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included by consecutive sampling technique for this study and divided in to two groups of 50 each. Patients of group A were given TIVA [propofol + succinylcholine]. Patients in group B received GA [propofol + succinylcholine + isoflurane]. Cognitive functions of patient were assessed by psychiatrist via mini mental state examination [MMSE] test before ECT and two weeks after ECT respectively

Results: Both the groups were assessed for cognitive impairment after TIVA Vs GA. In group A the MMSE showed less cognitive impairment as compared to group B [p<0.05]

Conclusion: Cognitive impairment is less in total intravenous anesthesia as compared to general anesthesia for ECT in patients of depressive episode severe

assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices [KAP] towards diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a suburban town of Karachi

To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices [KAP] towards diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in the general population of Bin Qasim Town [BQ], Karachi. An observational, cross-sectional study was approved by Research Ethical Committee of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital. It included every third household by stratified sampling in each Union Council of [BQ] Town, in the months of May to July 2013. The interview Questionnaire included 43 questions, of qualitative and quantitative aspects, which were awarded 56 scoring points. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data. Six hundred ninety two adults one from each household were interviewed. Of the total respondents, 271 [39.2%] had diabetes. Lowest mean knowledge score [5.28 +/- 6.09] was seen in illiterate respondents. Male's Mean Knowledge score [7.61 +/- 6.600] was better than female's [5.46 +/- 6.21] with P <0.001. Over all mean score of Attitudes towards diabetes was 5.43 +/- 2.57. It was higher [6.62 +/- 2.03] in diabetic respondents as compared with non-diabetic respondents [4.70 +/- 2.59] with p < 0.000. In Practice module majority of the respondents [69.9%] did not exercise, 49% took high caloric snacks between meals and 87% ate outside home once a month, 56.8% diabetics visited ophthalmologist for routine eye examination; but only 9.2% asked for retinal examination. Lack of knowledge of diabetes was found in the surveyed community, more marked in females, illiterate and the individuals not having diabetes

Filed and granted Indian Patents in dentistry from 2005-2009: A critical analysis and review.

Background: Patent policies have proved to be extremely important for several countries to develop. India has achieved its global status since 2005; a critical analysis of the patents at IPO will help us to identify the potential, available for patents with Indian Dental Fraternity. Aim: The aim of this study is to critically analyze and review Indian Patents in the field of Dentistry from 2005-2009 for evaluation of status of Indian Patents in Dentistry. Materials and Methods: A total of 110 patents were scrutinized from 2005-2009 available by IPO on www.patentoffice.nic.in. Following which a preliminary data were collected from individual patents and recorded in a record sheet. Statistical Analysis: The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software and were subjected to ANOVA test. Results: All patents scrutinized were applied for dental materials (100%). Company applicants (70%) were the maximum followed by the individual applicants (27.2%). A total of 87.3% of patents had enrolled for International Application. Priority country had maximum favor with USA (39.2%) followed by Europe (36.1%). Single inventors (44.5%) were the maximum followed by two inventors (22.7%). Europe (37.3%) had the maximum first inventor, followed by United States of America (30%) and India (10.9%). Individual inventors were maximum in Europe (38.8%) followed by USA (20.4%) and India (16.3%). Conclusion: Contribution from Indian Nationals as inventors for patents in the field of Dentistry is limited, thus reducing the pace of progress and development. Indian inventors in the field of Dentistry have to go a long way to compete with the fellow mates of developed countries like USA and Europe. Continuing Dental Education programs on Intellectual property rights should be conducted on regular basis especially for Dentist's involved in research.

Analgesic efficacy; Comparison of ketorolac and diclofenac sodium

To compare the analgesic efficacy of a single dose preoperative intramuscular Ketorolac versus diclofenac sodium for prevention of postoperative pain after third molar surgery. This Experimental comparative study. Department of Anesthesia, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, AI-Zahra Hospital, Geo Care, and Maryam Maternity Hospital, DG Khan. October 2011 to March 2012. Patients undergoing elective third molar surgery were randomly assigned into one of the two groups. ln each group, 60 patients completed the study properly. Group-l received diclofenac sodium 75 mg lM 20 min preoperatively and group-ll received Ketorolac 30 mg lM 20 min preoperatively. Patient in Ketorolac group reported significantly lesser pain intensity scores in the 3rd hour pain than the Diclofenac group [p-value lesser than 0.0001]. Patient also reported significantly longer mean time to rescue analgesic 7.5 h versus 4.8h [p lesser than 0.001., student t test] that is approximately 2.5 h longer duration of preventive analgesic consumption [p=0.006, student t test]. Preoperative intramuscular injection of Ketorolac 30 mg is more effective than Diclofenac 75 mg in the prevention of postoperative 3rd molar pain.

Analgesic effect of transversus abdominis plane [TAP] block for abdominal surgery: comparison with standard post operative care

To compare post operative pain in patients undergoing TAP block with that of standard post operative care in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Fifty patients [21 males, 29 females] with ASA class I and II undergoing abdominal surgery were included in the study. Half of the patients selected through randomization received TAP block using landmark technique at the end of surgery under anaesthesia. The remaining half received standard post operative analgesia with nalbuphine and diclofenac sodium injections. All patients were questioned regarding the degree of analgesia on a Pakistan Coin Pain Scale till 12 hours post operatively. Use of analgesics was compared in the two groups postoperatively. The degree of pain was significantly lower in patients receiving TAP block compared with standard postoperative care [mean score 06 vs 16 p<0.05]. The quantity of nalbuphine [0.32 vs 4.08 p<0.01] and diclofenac sodium [9.0 vs 63 p<0.01] were significantly reduced in patients receiving TAP block compared with standard post operative care. Transversus abdominis plane block provides effective post operative analgesia and is associated with markedly reduced analgesic consumption

Effect of heavy school bags on the health of children

To evaluate how much the backpacks of elementary school children weigh and the percentage of body weight represented by them. To determine the attribute of school backpacks and key out the methods of carrying backpacks. Cross sectional study. This is a cross sectional study conducted on school girls and boys of age between 5-15 years during April 2008 to Sept 2008 in Karachi. Sample of 660 students was taken. Students were interviewed with structured pre-tested questionnaire asking about: How they travel to and from school [walk/transport]? How they carry bags? If they have pain due to bag carriage? Where they feel pain [shoulder/neck/back]? Do they consult doctor for pain? How many days they remain absent from school due to pain? How they get relief from pain? School bags averaged weight is 4.9 kg. Related to body weight of the students, school bag represented an average weight of 18.00% .The maximum value for bag weight relative to body mass was 48%.About 89.1% of students carried bags weighing more than 10% of their body mass. Bag surface area ranges from 87 cm in the first grade to 2322 cm in the 7th grade. The maximal ratio of Bag surface area to student's trunk area was 266.27.The proportion of students who experienced bodily pain due to back pack carriage was 67%.Regarding intensity of pain; 40.5% students had complain of mild pain, 17.4% students had complain of moderate pain, while 10.8% had severe intensity of pain. The average bag weight of students relative to their body weight who felt pain was 19.00% of their body weight while the average bag weight of students relative to their body weight who did not felt pain was 17.21%. Our research analysis shows that 7% students were absent from school due to pain.N6% of students visited doctor with complain of pain. School students of Karachi 5-15 years old seem to carry substantial backpack loads, which represent more than 10 percent of children's body weight

Frequency of urinary tract infection [UTI] and commonest causative organisms in spinal cord injury patients with various voiding modes

To determine the frequency of urinary tract infection and commonest causative organisms in spinal cord injury patients with various modes of voiding in rehabilitation setup in Pakistan. A descriptive study of 100 spinal cord injury patients. The Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine [AFIRM] Rawalpindi from September 2007 to March 2008 on clinical samples received from admitted patients in CMH Rawalpindi and AFIRM. In 100 patients of spinal cord urine samples were subjected to Urine Routine examination and Urine Culture sensitivity. Urine culture revealing a bacterial colony count of 105 cfu/ml or higher were considered positive for urinary tract infection [UTI] if present with symptoms. Significant bacteriuria was investigated for spectrum and sensitivity pattern as well. Of all 100 spinal cord patients 52 patients [52%] had symptoms suggestive of UTI but only 37 patients [37%] had significant bacteriuria on urine culture supported by high level pyuria were declared to have UTI. E-coli was the most commonly isolated organism with total no of 20 cases [54.1%] followed by Pseudomonas 6 cases [16.2%], Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 cases [8.1%], Proteus mirabilis 3 cases [8.1%], Citrobacter freundi 2 cases [5.4%] and the least frequent was Morganella morganii with 1 case [2.7%]. UTI was most frequent in patients with indwelling catheter and was least associated with self voiding. Urinary Tract Infection was commonly observed among spinal cord injury patients. E-coli was the commonest isolated pathogen followed by Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundi, Candida and Morganella morganii in descending order of frequency. UTI was most frequent in patients using indwelling catheter as a mode of voiding

Role of alpha tocopherol as an adjuvant therapy in pregnancy induced hypertension

Hypertension in the most common medical problem encountered in pregnancy and remains an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. To conduct a clinical study to evaluate the adjuvant effect of alpha-tocopherol along with routine hypertensive measures in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. A total of 25 pregnancy induced hypertensive patients with single fetus were prospectively followed up from 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy till the end of pregnancy. The patients were given capsule alpha-tocopherol 400 mg/day as adjuvant therapy. The base line readings and then at 4 weekly intervals of maternal blood pressure and platelets count and evaluated statistically till the end of pregnancy. The mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 3.5% and 4.36% respectively with significant p value <0.01. The platelet count increased by 5.98% though statistically non significant. Maternal blood pressure decreased and platelet count increased by oral supplementation of alpha tocopherol. Therefore the effect of alpha-tocopherol on these parameters should be considered in future for longer duration and larger scale studies

Psychiatric morbidity in psychoactive substance users- a multicenter study in Hyderabad

Objective: To study the pattern of psychiatric morbidity in psychoactive substance users at Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry and Combined Military Hospital Hyderabad

Setting: This descriptive study was done at Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry and Combined Military Hospital Hyderabad simultaneously from 10[th] Jan 2009 to 10[th] July 2009

Patients and Method: Total 150 patients presented with history of psychoactive substance use since last 1 year and showing psychiatric morbidity on PSE [urdu version] were selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Patients having psychiatric morbidity before substance use were excluded from the study. Demographic variables were collected on a semi-structured proforma. Psychiatric symptomatology was collected using PSE [urdu version]. Diagnosis of psychiatric morbidity was made by using ICD -10 criteria for mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use. Proportions of psychiatric morbidity were calculated by SPSS version 10.0

Results: Out of 150 subjects 72 used cannabis, 28 used Heroin, alcohol intake in 25 cases, Benzodiazepine tablets in 13 cases, Gutka in 2 cases. Poly drug abuse was found in 30 cases abusing alcohol and benzodiazepines. Dependence syndrome [35%] followed by anxiety disorders [22%] acute and transient psychotic episode [39%] was main morbidity in bannabis. Dependence syndrome [46%] followed by antisocial personality disorder [10%] depression [25%] and anxiety disorders [16%] were main morbidity in heroin abuse. Depression [42%] followed by anxiety disorders [30%], dependence syndrome [10%] and antisocial personality disorder [8%] was main morbidity in alcohol abuse. Dependence syndrome [42%] depression [23%] anxiety disorders [20%] dissociative disorder [10%] and deliberate self harm [5%] were psychiatric morbidities in benzodiazepine abuse

Conclusion: This study showed that there is significant psychiatric morbidity associated with various types of psychoactive substance abuse. These morbidities not only pose a diagnostic dilemma but also have importance in management and prognosis of psychoactive substance use

Frequency of peripheral polyneuropathy in a cohort of diabetic patients having symptoms of polyneuropathy using electrodiagnostic procedure

To determine the frequency of peripheral polyneuropathy in patients having diabetes mellitus with symptoms of polyneuropathy using electrodiagnostic procedure. Observational descriptive study. Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine [AFIRM], Rawalpindi. June 2008 to June 2009 [one year]. Sixty three patients of diabetes mellitus having symptoms of peripheral polyneuropathy fulfilling the inclusion criteria were sampled by purposive sampling. Informed consent was taken. Their demographic data and common symptoms were recorded. All patients underwent Electrodiagnostic procedures for the presence or absence of polyneuropathy, using nerve conduction studies by recording amplitudes, velocities and latencies of minimal two [sural, peroneal] and maximum six nerves. Electromyography was performed only in patients with abnormalities in nerve conduction findings or conditions other than polyneuropathy. Frequencies as percentages were calculated for the presence or absence of polyneuropathy, type of polyneuropathy, associated symptoms and other related diagnosis [if any]. There were thirty three males [52.4%] and thirty female [47.6%]. Forty one [65%] patients had confirmed polyneuropathy on electrodiagnosis, out of which forty patients [97.6%] had axonal polyneuropathy, only one patient [2.4%] had demyelinating polyneuropathy. Twenty two had no polyneuropathy [35%], out of which 65% had other diagnosis like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [CTS], Radiculopathy and other Compression neuropathies. Majority of symptomatic diabetic patients actually had polyneuropathy. Electrodiagnostic studies are a sensitive tool for early detection of peripheral polyneuropathy, its types and extent

effect of aircraft engine noise on the hearing of army aviation personnel

To determine the frequency and severity of noise induced hearing loss [NIHL] and its audiometric configurations among Pakistan Army Aviation personnel. Cross sectional descriptive study. From June 2009 to May 2010 at ENT department of CMH Gujranwala. A total of 100 individuals who were exposed to turbo-propeller aircraft's engine noise for more than two years were recruited and assessed for hearing impairment. All the subjects were evaluated through detailed history and clinical examination. Pure tone audiometry was carried out and pathological audiograms with sensorineural hearing loss were segregated. Hearing thresholds and audiometric configurations were recorded. Out of the 100 subjects enrolled NIHL was found in 32% individuals. Among them, 20 [62.5%] patients suffered from bilateral pathology. It was mild in 13 [40.62%], moderate in 14 [43.75], and severe in 5 [15.62%] cases. The most common audiometric configuration was the notched audiogram with a dip at 4 kHz occurring in 14 patients followed by slope configuration found in 13 patients. Aviation workers are exposed to exceptionally intense noise which can render them physically and socially handicapped at times. The intricate nature of such impact entails a prompt recognition and adoption of necessary prophylactic measures to minimize the risk of developing a rather irreversible sensory handicap

Psychiatric morbidity in Pakistani peacekeepers and their perception about deployment in Liberia

To identify the Psychiatric morbidity among personnel deployed in Liberia and to explore their perception about the deployment. Descriptive study. The study was carried out at in the United Nations Peace Keeping Mission in Liberia from December 2007 to December 2008. Sources of stress, positive and negative perception of the deployment were recorded on a semi structured proforma along with demographic characteristics of subjects. The General Health Questionnaire-28 was administered to identify case-ness. One hundred seventy two non- commissioned officers participated in this study. All of them were males. Their ages ranged from 23 to 51 years with the mean age of 30,2 years [SD =6.3]. The most common sources of stress for all personnel were the lack of recreations [46.5%, 57.1% respectively]. This was more so for singles. Almost half of married personnel rated separation from home and family to be the source of maximum stress. Approximately eighty three percent [50%+32.56%] had positive perception of the deployment on comparison to nearly sixty-four percent [50% + 13.59%] who had negative perception. Married personnel had more likely than singles to have negative perception of the deployment [70% vs. 54%].11% [n=19] of studied personnel scored high on GHQ who were later subjected to present state examination and diagnosed using ICD-10. About 25% [n=5] were diagnosed to be suffering from depressive episode mild with somatic features [F32.1] 50% [n=9] were diagnosed having Anxiety disorders. About 25% [n=5] had emotional and behavioural disorder associated with use of Medicine [Mefoloquine]. Lack of recreational facilities, separation from family and risk of getting infectious disease were common stressors. Financial advantage and professional grooming were positive perceptions. Depressive episode mild with somatic features and anxiety disorders were main psychiatric morbidities

Toxicity of aminoglycoside [streptomycin] in the management of tuberculosis in placebo controlled study

The study was planned with an aim to identify the toxicity of streptomycin in the treatment of Tuberculosis. It's early an easy detection, establishment of existing damage without the use of sophisticated, costly and time consuming methods and also to assess the existing popular modalities of treatment. This prospective study was carried out in the Chest Ward and OPD JPMC Karachi and duration of twelve weeks. Patients were selected from chest ward and OPD of JPMC. Prospective randomized study of adverse effects of Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis was done. It showed that like other antituberculous drug the streptomycin must be careful to use in combination therapy in the treatment of tuberculosis. The major side effects were those giving rise to serious health hazards, and required discontinuation of the drug. Minor side effects caused relatively little discomfort and often responded to symptomatic or simple treatment but occasionally persisted for the entire duration of drug treatment. In fact tuberculosis drugs are relatively toxic and side effects are not uncommon but most of them do not warrant drug withdrawal

Comparative study of verapamil and thioridazine in acute opioid abstinence syndrome

To determine the effectiveness of verapamil and thioridazine in the treatment of acute opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients with chronic dependence on opioids. The study was conducted at Psychological Medicine Ward, Civil Hospital Karachi and Arshi Hospital, Naseerabad, F.B. area Karachi. A total of forty [40] patients were admitted for ten [10] days in hospital. No treatment was given during the first two days of admission after abrupt termination of opioid to observe the acute opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Each group comprising of 20 opiate addicts. One group was given verapamil orally in a 40mg dose thrice daily and the other group was given thioridazine orally in a 10mg dose thrice daily from day 3 to day 9 of admission. The intensity of sign and symptoms were recorded by using subjective and objective opiate withdrawal questionnaire. Urine analysis for opioids was done on day 1, 5 and 10 of admission. Verapamil in comparison to thioridazine significantly decreased admission. Urine analyses for opioids were positive on day 01 while zero on day 10. Verapamil in comparison to Thioridazine was found to be safe and effective for the treatment of signs and symptoms of acute opioid withdrawal in in-door patients without any significant side effect

Etiology of hirsutism. Is there a correlation between menstrual regularity, body mass index and severity of hirsutism with the cause?

Hirsutes having regular menstrual history or with body mass index [BMI] within normal range or mild hisutism are often taken as idiopathic hirsutism. To investigate the hirustism in patients presenting in the Fauji Foundation Hospital [FFH], Rawalpindi and to determine if menstrual regularity, BMI and severity of hirsutism correlates with the cause. It was descriptive study over a period of fourteen months in the departments of Dermatology and Gynecology and Obstetrics of FFH, Rawalpindi. Females who presented to either department with hirsutism were enrolled in this study. A detailed history, clinical examination with special reference to Ferriman-Gallwey [FG] scoring system, endocrinological workup and abdominopelvic ultrasonography [USG] was done in all patients. SPSS version 12 was used for statistical analysis. Out of a total of 71 patients, the commonest cause of hirsutism in our study was polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] in 57.7%. Idiopathic hirsutism was present in 22.6% and late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 9.9% patients. Hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disorders were diagnosed in 4.2% respectively. One [1.4%] patient had multiple etiologies. The correlation between menstrual regularity, BMI and severity of hirsutism with the cause of hirsutism was not statistically significant [p >/= 0.05]. PCOS is the commonest cause in our study population. The correlation of menstrual regularity, BMI and severity of hirsutism with its cause is not statistically significant

Pattern of injection addiction at Hyderabad: a clinical preliminary study on injection addiction [substance abuse] at Hyderabad, Pakistan

The aim of this clinical research was to assess the pattern of injection addiction [substance abuse] in a group of hospital attenders, 'which is a common addiction among medical and it's a related profession. Clinical cross-sectional study. Psychiatric out patients clinics of Liaquat University Hospital and Sir Cowasjee Jehanghir, Institute of Psychiatry, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan from 1[st], January 2009 to 30[th], June, 2009. 59patients [47 male and 12 female cases] were diagnosed on DSM-IV[1] diagnostic Criteria for substance abuse to establish diagnosis and the socio-derno graphic data was collected on semi structure proforma of the study. The male cases dominated the study [79.66%] as compared to female cases [20.33%] which is significant [p-value < 0.02] while 34 cases [57.62%] were from the medical and its related professions like medical representatives, medical store owners and hospital staff and result is significant [P- 0.005 +/- SD]. 11 cases [18.64%] were the results of surgical intervention for acute pains and other surgical reasons, leading to injection addiction and is significantly positive [P-value < 0.02], while 05 patients [8.47%] were chronic drug addicts used the injections for escalation purpose. This study reflects the existence of injection addiction among medical professionals but seems to be less frequent in the community. This is alarming situation in the community for psychosocial attitudinal considerationwhile selecting the profession high as in surgical in-patients. [32.3% and about three and half times as compared to gynecological patients [18.4%]