Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Study on prevalence and liver function test enzymes of differently plumaged peafowls (Pavo cristatus) infected with Toxoplasma gondii in captivity / [Estudo sobre enzimas de prevalência e teste da função hepatica de pavões de plumage diferente (Pavo cristatus) infectados com Toxoplasma gondii em cativeiro]

O presente estudo foi realizado para determinar a prevalência geral de toxoplasmose em pavões de plumagem diferente e seu efeito nas enzimas de teste da função hepática dos hospedeiros. Um total de cem pavões de plumas diferenciais, como ombro preto (n = 52), azul (n = 28), branco (n = 10) e arlequim (n = 10) foram estudados no zoológico de Bahawalpur, no Paquistão, usando o Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) e ensaio imunossorvente ligado a enzima (ELISA). A prevalência geral por LAT e ELISA foi de 37% e 30%, respectivamente. Por LAT, observou-se uma prevalência não significativamente maior (P≥0,05) em gênero (37,77%) nos machos do que nas fêmeas (36,36%), enquanto os adultos apresentaram uma prevalência maior (37,97%) em relação aos jovens (33,33%). De acordo com o ELISA, uma prevalência significativamente (P <0,05) maior (35,55%) foi observada nos machos do que nas fêmeas (25,45%) e significativamente (P <0,05) maior prevalência (31,64%) foi registrada nos adultos do que nos jovens (23,80%). A análise do perfil bioquímico sérico mostrou que o nível de bilirrubina não teve elevação significativa nos hospedeiros infectados, em comparação aos não infectados, enquanto a concentração de albumina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) foi significativamente (P <0,05) diferente nos hospedeiros infectados. Conclui-se que a toxoplasmose afeta as enzimas do teste da função hepática. Essa é uma pesquisa preliminar e requer mais pesquisas em todo o país, com populações e amostras maiores.(AU)

Effect of fresh red beetroot juice on body weight status in obese anemic rats

Both anemia and obesity are global epidemics affecting billions of persons worldwide and affect each other. This study aimed to investigate the inverse relationship of anemia and obesity in rats, by studying the ability of ingestion two different doses [5ml and 10 ml/kg/ body weight] of fresh red beetroot juice to enhance hematological parameters in order to decrease the final body weight of obese anemic rats. Twenty eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups[7 rats each] as follow: the first group was fed on basal diet only and served as negative control group [-ve], while other rats fed on high fat diet for four weeks to induce obesity, then continuously fed on [ the same diet without iron in mineral mixture and given 10 mg tannic acid/kg diet] for 3 weeks later to induce anemia. The anemic obese rats were divided into three groups, positive control group [+ve] and two other groups given orally [5ml and 10 ml/kg BW] fresh red beetroot juice respectively at the beginning of the day and before introducing the diets. At the end of the experimental period [8weeks], rats were fasted over night before sacrificing, two blood samples were collected, the first sample was collected into a tube containing EDTA anticoagulant and used for determination of red blood cells [RBC] count, Hemoglobin [Hb] concentration and Hematocrit [Hct] percentage, the second blood sample was collected into a centrifuge tube without any anticoagulant and centrifuged to obtain serum which was stored at -20 degree C until used for analysis. The results indicated that, ingestion of both doses 5ml and 10ml/kg BW fresh red beetroot juice significantly decreased [P<0.05] the final body weight and BMI of obese anemic rats, the percent of weight reduction was -30.25% and -39.00 for the rats given [5ml and 10 ml/kg BW] juice respectively, as compared to the initial body weight. This reduction in body weight might be related to treatment of anemia by fresh red beetroot juice [rich in iron content 15.34 mg/100ml juice] ingestion at different levels, the concentration of RBC, Hb, Hct and total iron was significantly increased [p<0.05] as weel as improving the lipid profile, liver and kidney functions, as compared to the control positive group. Furthermore, leptin hormone concentration was significantly decreased [p<0.05] in rats given orally different doses of red beetroot juice as compared with the corresponding value of positive control group. This caused a decrease in the appetite of the rats followed by weight reduction. This study recommends that ingestion of fresh red beetroot juicemay be useful for obese patients who suffer from nemia associated with hyperlipidemia

Spatial distribution modeling of Stegomyia aegypti and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Al-bahah Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Dengue hemorrhagic fever and Rift Valley fever are the most important mosquitoborne diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The characteristic habitat requirements of Stegomyia aegypti and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the two mosquito vectors will help in the identification of “high risk” areas in their development. Species distribution modelling was assessed by using MaxEnt software combined with geographical information systems (GIS) to predict suitable larval habitats for these two vectors and develop potential risk maps that can be used for their targeted control. Climate and topographical data layers from Worldclim and larval occurrence records were used to model these two vectors. The results showed that suitable habitats of St. aegypti are widely distributed only in the central region and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were in the central and southwestern parts of Al-Bahah Province. The highest predictive power was shown by topographical variables in St. aegypti modeling and the minor contributions were shown by precipitation and temperature related variables. The maximum contribution was shown by temperature related variables and minor contribution was shown by topographical and precipitation related variables in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus modeling. Linear regression model indicates non significant correlation between TDS/pH and species abundance of these two mosquitoes.

Irradiated sodium alginate improves plant growth, physiological activities and active constituents in Mentha arvensis L.

Sodium alginate, irradiated by Co-60 gamma rays in solid state, elicits plant growth promoting responses in various plants. Irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) was applied as a foliar spray on mint (Mentha arvensis L.) to investigate its effect on plant growth, physiological attributes and herbage yield as well as on content and yield of essential oil and its components (menthol, L-menthone, isomenthone and methyl acetate). A simple pot experiment was conducted applying five concentrations of ISA, viz. 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg L-1, as foliar sprays. GPC study revealed formation of lower molecular weight oligomer fractions in irradiated samples which could be responsible for plant growth promotion in the present work. Of the five ISA concentrations, 100 mg L-1 proved the best. As compared to the control, the ISA applied at 100 mg L-1 resulted in the highest values of all physiological parameters at 100 and 120 days after planting.

Effect of cherries, cinnamon, coffee and parsley on hyperuricemia in rats fed high fructose diet

Hyperuricemia can be caused by overproduction of uric acid, as by feeding high fructose diets, or by inefficient excretion by the kidneys, and has long been associated with cardiovascular disease, and in people with hypertension, metabolic syndrome as gout or kidney disease. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of cherries [5%], cinnamon [5%], coffee [5%] and parsley [5%] on hyperuricemia in rats fed high fructose diet [60%] for four weeks. The results indicated that, all supplemented groups [with coffee, cherry, cinnamon or parsley] showed significant decrease [P < 0.05] in serum uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen as compared to positive control group [+ve]. Also, feeding rats with coffee, cinnamon or parsley caused significant decrease [P < 0.05] in serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C as compared to both -ve and +ve controls. Feeding Cherry caused significant improvement in lipid profile, and did not affect significantly serum glucose and LDL-C. It could be concluded that, cherries, cinnamon, coffee and parsley reduce serum uric acid, urea and creatinine levels and improve kidney and liver functions. The study recommends a possible dietary supplementation with cherries, cinnamon, coffee and parsley for patients suffering from hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia

Effect of different types of eggs on lipid profile in healthy rats

Avoidance of eggs is the usual dietary recommendation to reduce hypercholesterolemia. However, the results of many clinical trials have shown no correlation between egg consumption and the serum cholesterol concentration. So that, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different types of whole egg powder from [red, white and balady hen's egg] on lipid profile and liver functions in rats. Twenty four male rats were divided into four groups, [6 rats/ group], the first group [control group] fed on basal diet only. The second, the third and the fourth group fed on basal diet containing 2.5% dried white, red and balady hen's egg [substitution with casein and oil] respectively. After 6 weeks rats were sacrificing, blood was collected then centrifuged. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C and liver function were determined in serum of rats. Also, chemical determinations of total cholesterol and fatty acids were done in different types of egg. The results indicated that, the sum of MUFA and PUFA in all types of egg were higher to SFA. Red hen egg had the highest concentration of total cholesterol followed by balady while, the white hen egg recorded the lowest concentration of total cholesterol. Feeding rats with basal diet containing 2.5% powder white hen egg significantly decrease [P<0.05] serum TC and LDL-C, and numerically increase serum HDL-C, while serum triglycerides and VLDL-C were not affect with white hen egg as compared to control. In relation to red and balady hen egg, serum HDL-C was significantly decreased [P<0.05] while LDL-C was significantly increased as compared to control group, the other lipid parameters as TG, TC and VLDL-C were not changed. It could be concluded that, white egg is healthy especially for patients suffer from coronary heart disease followed balady then red hen egg. Eating eggs more frequently, up to almost daily, was not associated with an increase in lipid profile especially white hen egg. So that, a moderate egg intake [2 egg/day] should not be rigorously restricted in healthy individuals

Effect of red and white grapes and their seeds extract on hyperuricemia in rats fed high fructose diet

Hyperuricemia appear to be rapidly increasing worldwide and frequently cause symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Elevated uric acid is influenced by dietary and lifestyle factors, and dietary modification is effective in reducing hyperuricemia. So that, the present study was planned to evaluate the effects of red grapes [5%], white grapes [5%], red grapes seed extract [2.5%], white grapes seed extract [2.5%] in hyperuricemic rats fed high fructose diet [60%] for four weeks. The results indicated that, red grapes, white grapes and both seeds extract were significantly decrease [P<0.05] serum urea, uric acid and creatinine in hyperuricemic rats as compared to the control group [+ve]. There were no significant difference in kidney functions between both grapes pulp and their seed extract on the effect on serum urea, uric acid and creatinine. Also, all types of grapes and their seed extracts were significantly improve [P<0.05] lipid profile and liver functions .It could be concluded that, red and white grapes as well as their seed extracts improved kidney and liver functions and lipid profile. This study is promising and could help in the management of hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia. The data presented may offer a promising natural and safe new trend for the prevention or the delay of hyperuricemia

Population dynamics of some synanthropic fly species in different habitats in Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

The population dynamics of five synanthropic fly species, Chrysomyia rufifacies, Musca d. domestica, Muscina stabulans F., Sarcophaga haemorrohoidalis and Stomoxys calcitrans, were studied at three different habitats in Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. The chosen habitats were the slaughter house, the cattle market and the rubbish dumps. The number of flies caught per 20 sticky bands was taken monthly, for a whole year, as an index to the fly population at that habitat during that month. M. d. domestica was the most abundant fly species, it made up nearly 98%, 81%, and 75% of the total synanthropic fly population at the rubbish dumps, the cattle market and the slaughter house, respectively. It reached its maximum abundance in May and minimum occurrence in January. House flies were collected throughout the year and survived conditions seemed to be unsuitable for other species

study on phlebotomus species, the vectors of leishmaniasis in Gassim, Saudi Arabia

A total 935 adult sandflies were collected and identified from Buraydah, Gassim Region. Phlebotomus papatasi represented 79.6% of the total population, whereas P. sergenti represented 20.4% throughout two successive years [October 1990 - September 1992]. Apart from May, female sandflies outnumbered the males in both species. The seasonal incidence of both P. papatasi and P. sergenti seemed to be highly affected by climatic factors prevailed in the study area

Fungal growth inhibition in leishmania culture

A modified NNN medium consisted of a liquid phase and a solid phase, was prepared for Leishmania culture. The antifungal drug, Griseofulvin, was added to the culture to inhibit the fungal growth on Leishmania culture and gave better results than did Mycostatin Suspension

Observations on the swarming habits and aggregation of culicoides schultzei enderlein [Dipteera-Ceratopogonidae] in Egypt

Culicoides, like many other Nematocera, often gather in discrete "dancing swarms" [Harwood and James, 1979]. The phenomenon is common and perhaps occurs in very diverse sections of the genus Culicoides, but knowledge of its cause, formation and function is still incomplete, besides it is not clear whether all species make swarms or not. During the course of the present work in the field, large swarms and many aggregations of Culicoides schultzei were observed. It may be pointed out that no previous records seem to have been given on the swarming of this species. Aggregations among biting midges, Culicoides, have never been reported. The following study, though obviously incomplete and in some respects fragmentary, nevertheless leads to a number of interesting generalizations and conclusions