Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge of Anaemic Adolescent Girls, Uttarakhand

@#Introduction: Anaemia in India is still a point of concern when it comes to adolescent girls. Adolescent girls are more prone to develop anaemia if they lack knowledge on how to manage the menace of anaemia in adolescence. The study was conducted to identify the prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls and assess the effectiveness of teaching program on knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia in adolescent girls. Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. First phase adopted exploratory survey design and second phase involved one group pre-test post-test design. The sample consisted of 400 adolescent girls (13 – 15) years studying in rural schools of Haldwani block, Uttarakhand. Results: The study results revealed that about 90 (22.5%) adolescent girls were anaemic. Maximum 64 (71%) adolescent girls had average knowledge regarding anaemia and its prevention. There was 11% enhancement in the level of knowledge of anaemic adolescent girls post administration of teaching program and was significant at 0.05 level. Conclusion: The present study found that there was significant enhancement in the level of knowledge of adolescent girls in the post-test. Thus, it emphasizes the need to educate the adolescent girls regarding dietary choices they make so that it may help in reducing prevalence of anaemia in later ages of life in young girls of India.

Mid Shaft Clavicle Fractures- Plate vs Titanium Elastic Nail System

It was believed that “all clavicle fractures heal well” is no longer valid. Recent trend is towards operative management, consists of Pre-contoured plate or Titanium Elas?c Nail System(TENS) applica?on. Plate fixa?on remains the mainstay of treatment but Titanium Elas?c Nail System applica?on has gained a?en?on in recent years. This study highlights the comparison between two most common modali?es available for treatment of mid-sha? clavicle fractures. Objec?ves:Compare the func?onal outcome using Neer’s scoring system, radiological outcome and secondary outcomes between two treatment groups. Methods:Pa?ents sa?sfying inclusion criteria were included in our study and randomized into Group A-operated with plate fixa?on and Group B-operated with TENS. Rou?ne postopera?ve protocol and physiotherapy followed. Regular follow up carried out and assessed as per protocol. Results: We had 15 pa?ents in each group by end of our study. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographics, ?me to surgery, fracture types. Dura?on of hospital stay, mean fracture union ?me were significantly shorter and cosme?cally more sa?sfied in TENS group. Opera?ve ?me, length of incision, periopera?ve blood loss was significantly higher in plate group and length of clavicle be?er restored. Func?onal outcome was excellent with no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion:Both methods return the pa?ents to their pre-injury func?onal levels without significant complica?ons with excellent func?onal outcome. Titanium Elas?c Nail System applica?on has a shorter opera?ve ?me, lesser dura?on of hospital stay, lower infec?on rate and be?er cosme?c outcome sugges?ng this is the preferred method with no comminu?on whereas plate fixa?on is superior in comminuted fractures.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics Consensus Guidelines for Probiotic Use in Childhood Diarrhea

Justification: Several probiotic species and strains, single or combined, have been evaluated in childhood diarrheal disorders, and recommendations have ever been changing as newer trials are published. Therefore, there is a need to develop a guideline for Indian children describing the current role of probiotics in clinical practice. Objectives: To develop a guideline for the use of probiotics in children with diarrhea. Process: A national consultative group (NCG) was constituted by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP), consisting of subject experts. Sub-topics were allotted to various experts as paired groups for detailed review. Members reviewed the international and Indian literature for existing guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and trials. Thereafter, two virtual structured meetings of the group were held on 2nd and 22nd August, 2020. The management guidelines were formulated by the group and circulated to the participants for comments. The final guidelines were approved by all experts, and adopted by the IAP executive board. Recommendations: The NCG suggests Lactobacillus GG as a conditional recommendation with low-to-moderate level evidence or Saccharomyces boulardii as a conditional recom-mendation with very low-to-low level evidence as adjuvant therapy in acute diarrhea. The NCG also recommends the use of combination probiotics in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), as these reduce the risk of NEC stage II and above, late-onset sepsis, mortality and also time to achieve full feeds. The NCG does not recommend the use of any kind of probiotics in the therapy of acute dysentery, persistent diarrhea, Clostridium difficile diarrhea and chronic diarrheal conditions such as celiac disease, diarrheapredominant irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in children. Risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is high with some antibiotics and most of these cases present as mild diarrhea. The NCG recommends probiotics only in special situations of AAD. L. rhamnoses GG or S. boulardii may be used for the prevention of AAD. VSL#3, a combination probiotic, may be used as an adjuvant in active pouchitis, and for prevention of recurrences and maintenance of remission in pouchitis.

The Deadly Duo of Hypertension and Diabetes in India: Further Affirmation from a New Epidemiological Study

Introduction: Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. India has some of the highest rates of diabetes and hypertension worldwide, but there is a lack of local data on the coexistence of these two risk factors. This study determined the prevalence of hypertension in patients with, or at high risk of, type II diabetes mellitus from across India. Methods: Data came from a nationwide trial evaluating the effects of yoga-based lifestyle modification for the prevention/management of type II diabetes. Participants were recruited based on randomized house-to-house screening in urban and rural areas from 65 districts of 29 states/union territories. Eligible individuals were aged 20–80 years and had diabetes or were at high risk of diabetes (IDRS ? 60). Anthropometric and demographic data were obtained, and resting blood pressure and blood glucose levels were recorded. Results: This analysis included data from 14,135 individuals. Of these, 25% had self-reported diabetes, 19% were diagnosed with diabetes during the trial, and 26.8% were at high risk for type II diabetes. In these three patient groups, hypertension prevalence rates were 58%, 41.0%, and 35.8%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was highest in the North East region and lowest in the North West. Conclusion: The high prevalence of hypertension in patients with, or at risk of diabetes, highlights the urgent need for policies to manage this population, who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease and death.

Management of acute corneal hydrops with compression sutures and air tamponade

Background: Acute corneal hydrops is a vision threatening complication of corneal ectasia like keratoconus, keratoconus, keratoglobus, Pellucid marginal degeneration, Terrien’s marginal degeneration and post refractive surgery keratectasia. The associated risk factors for development of corneal hydrops (CH) are early onset of keratoconus, microtrauma associated with contact lens use, eye rubbing, allergic conjunctivitis, atopy, and Down’s syndrome. With the conservative approach of management of CH, it takes longer time (in months) for corneal oedema to get resolved and there is development of vascularization and scarring. This video presents the simple technique of using compression sutures along with pneumodescemetopexy by intracameral air injection for management of CH. It led to rapid resolution of corneal oedema. It is a simple technique, with no need of special gases like C3F8 or SF6 and can be easily performed at a very basic set up. Purpose: To highlight the efficacy of simple technique of applying compression sutures and air tamponade in management of CH and to demonstrate the efficacy of anterior segment OCT in diagnosis and to assess the prognosis of a case of CH. Synopsis: A 9-year-old boy presented with CH, with anterior segment OCT showing torn descemet’s membrane and fluid pockets in corneal stroma. Four full-thickness compression sutures were applied and intracameral sterile air was used for pneumodescetopexy. The serial post operative clinical and OCT picture showed rapid resolution of corneal oedema. Highlights: This video highlights the use of OCT imaging in the diagnosis of CH and full-thickness compression sutures as the safe and effective technique in the management of acute CH.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in recovered as well as healthy cattle to study carrier status in Assam

Foot and mouth disease (FMD), one of the most contagious diseases of animals, affects different host species including wild animals. Asymptomatic FMD recovered animals may remain as carrier, which may be threat to other healthy animals. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the carrier status of the FMD recovered animals to effectively prevent further spread of the disease. Out of all the seven serotypes of FMD, O serotype is most commonly found in livestock. Therefore, in the present study, we chose to detect serotype ‘O’ in oropharyngeal fluid (OP) and to quantify cytokines, viz. IL-1?, IL-1? and IL-2. A total of 30 OP fluids and 30 blood samples were collected from 10 animals (1 in-contact healthy animal) for 3 months post infection. FMD O serotype could be detected in all the animals (100%). The RQ values were found to be 0.014 to 63.118 and 0.162 to 46.889 for IL-1? and IL-1? genes respectively, while insignificant RQ values were obtained for IL-2. In the second and third months, two animals showed down regulation for IL-1? gene, while IL-1? and IL-2 genes were down regulated in 7 animals and in all 10 animals, respectively for all the three months.

Level of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness among Pregnant Women Residing In Urban Slums of Shivamogga City, India

Background: Safe motherhood is about informing and educating woman about danger signs in pregnancy, how to identify and seek advice from health personnel and prepare for safe confinement. In public health system, in India it is the responsibility of ASHA to motivate the pregnant woman in her area for safe institutional delivery. BPACR is a tool which assesses, how well the pregnant women are prepared for the challenges in pregnancy. Aim& Objective: To ascertain the level of awareness of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPACR) among antenatal mothers residing in urban slums . Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women residing in urban slums of Shivamogga, Karnataka. Data was collected using pre-designed questionnaire, 揗onitoring BP/CR?tools and indicators for maternal and new born health� of the 揓HPIEGO�. Data was analysed and results were tabulated. Results: In this study, only 42% of pregnant women knew about the term 態irth preparedness� while the rest 58% pregnant women did not know it. Education status and complication experienced during present or previous pregnancy were found to have significant association with BPACR. Identification of blood donor and skilled birth provider were less among study group. Conclusions: Awareness of danger signs and complication readiness was found to be good in our study.

Dural arteriovenousfistula presenting as reversible dementia

DAVF is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, where supply is mainly through branches arising from the external carotid artery. A 30 years old male had multiple episodes of seizures and progressive behavioral and cognitive decline, inattentionand disorientation to time, place and person, along with ptosis and ophthalmoplegia in the right eye. DSA provided a definitive diagnosis of hypervascular Dural AV fistula at the right transverse sigmoid junction with significant cortical venous hypertension. Through femoral access, both underwent transarterial embolization through the Middle Meningeal branch of the right external carotid artery using onyx, resulting in complete occlusion of fistula and resolution of venous hypertension. Post embolisation,cognitive function assessment revealed increased attention span and improved orientation with time,place and person. Thus, DAVF can be one of the rare but reversible causes of dementia. Early diagnosis and treatment may help to dramatically improve patients� clinical condition and minimize long-term disability

Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Mortality / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Background@#and Purpose Recent studies suggested an increased incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We evaluated the volume of CVT hospitalization and in-hospital mortality during the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the preceding year. @*Methods@#We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study of 171 stroke centers from 49 countries. We recorded COVID-19 admission volumes, CVT hospitalization, and CVT in-hospital mortality from January 1, 2019, to May 31, 2021. CVT diagnoses were identified by International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) codes or stroke databases. We additionally sought to compare the same metrics in the first 5 months of 2021 compared to the corresponding months in 2019 and 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04934020). @*Results@#There were 2,313 CVT admissions across the 1-year pre-pandemic (2019) and pandemic year (2020); no differences in CVT volume or CVT mortality were observed. During the first 5 months of 2021, there was an increase in CVT volumes compared to 2019 (27.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.2 to 32.0; P<0.0001) and 2020 (41.4%; 95% CI, 37.0 to 46.0; P<0.0001). A COVID-19 diagnosis was present in 7.6% (132/1,738) of CVT hospitalizations. CVT was present in 0.04% (103/292,080) of COVID-19 hospitalizations. During the first pandemic year, CVT mortality was higher in patients who were COVID positive compared to COVID negative patients (8/53 [15.0%] vs. 41/910 [4.5%], P=0.004). There was an increase in CVT mortality during the first 5 months of pandemic years 2020 and 2021 compared to the first 5 months of the pre-pandemic year 2019 (2019 vs. 2020: 2.26% vs. 4.74%, P=0.05; 2019 vs. 2021: 2.26% vs. 4.99%, P=0.03). In the first 5 months of 2021, there were 26 cases of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), resulting in six deaths. @*Conclusions@#During the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic, CVT hospitalization volume and CVT in-hospital mortality did not change compared to the prior year. COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with higher CVT in-hospital mortality. During the first 5 months of 2021, there was an increase in CVT hospitalization volume and increase in CVT-related mortality, partially attributable to VITT.

Diagnostic and therapeutic endonasal rhinologic procedures generating aerosol during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematized review / Procedimentos endonasais de rinologia diagnósticos e terapêuticos geradores de aerossóis durante a pandemia de Covid-19: uma revisão sistematizada,

Abstract Introduction Most rhinologic procedures, particularly endoscopic sinonasal procedures, are liable to produce aerosols. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co V-2) transmits via respiratory droplets, but the degree of its spread through airborne routes by aerosol is unclear. Objective The aim of this article is to counsel rhinologists on how to modify their conventional practice during the COVID-19 pandemic by prioritising the need of procedures, identifying aerosol- generating procedures and using precise personal protection equipment for various endonasal procedures. Methods We did a review of articles indexed for MEDLINE on PubMed, ENT Cochrane, DOAJ and Web of Science databases using the keywords nasal endoscopy, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, aerosol generating medical procedures and rhinology to formulate guidelines for the safety of healthcare workers. Results The review included evidence from 28 articles from the otorhinolaryngology, surgery, infectious disease, head and neck surgery and cancer biology literature. We have provided recommendations and relevant information for rhinologists during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the available studies and data, to warrant high-quality patient care and requisite levels of infection prevention during rhinology procedures. Conclusion In rhinology, marked care is advised during nasal packing, electrocauterisation and use of high-speed rotating devices in potentially infected tissue as they are considerable aerosol- producing procedures. The choice of personal protective equipment is based on the risk of exposure and possible modes of aerosol generation.

Resumo Introdução A maioria dos procedimentos rinológicos, principalmente os procedimentos endoscópicos nasossinusais, é suscetível à produção de aerossóis. A síndrome respiratória aguda grave coronavírus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) é transmitida através de gotículas respiratórias, mas o grau de sua disseminação através de aerossóis por via aérea não é claro. Objetivos Orientar os rinologistas sobre como modificar sua prática convencional durante a pandemia de Covid-19, priorizar a necessidade de procedimentos, identificar procedimentos geradores de aerossol e usar equipamento de proteção individual de precisão para vários procedimentos endonasais. Método Fizemos uma revisão de artigos indexados na Medline por meio das bases de dados PubMed, ENT Cochrane, DOAJ e Web of Science, com as palavras-chave nasal endoscopy, SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, aerosol-generating medical procedures e rhinology para formular diretrizes para a segurança dos profissionais de saúde. Resultados A revisão incluiu evidências de 28 artigos de otorrinolaringologia, cirurgia, doenças infecciosas, cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço e biologia do câncer. Fornecemos recomendações e informações relevantes para rinologistas durante a pandemia de Covid-19, com base nos estudos e dados disponíveis, para garantir atendimento de alta qualidade ao paciente e níveis necessários de prevenção da infecção durante procedimentos de rinologia. Conclusões Em rinologia, recomenda-se cuidado acentuado durante o tamponamento nasal, eletrocauterização e uso de dispositivos rotativos de alta velocidade em tecidos potencialmente infectados, pois esses procedimentos são consideráveis produtores de aerossóis. A escolha do equipamento de proteção individual é baseada no risco de exposição e nos possíveis modos de geração de aerossol.

Adverse events following pediatric immunization in an Indian city

Purpose@#Adverse effects are noticeable immediately after vaccination, especially when vaccinated to healthy people at the time of vaccination. The vaccine may cause adverse events which are very rare but adverse event following immunization surveillance becomes correspondingly more important in a less studied population like India. Hence, there is a need for carrying out a study pertaining to vaccine safety in the pediatric population of age 0–12 years and assessing the events occurring post-vaccination. @*Materials and Methods@#A prospective observational study was conducted in three primary healthcare centers and two tertiary care hospitals for 6 months from April 2016 to September 2016 with a total of 826 children enrolled. Detected adverse events for suspected vaccines were analyzed for causality by the World Health Organization causality assessment instrument. Sex-specific differences in incidences of adverse events were assessed. @*Results@#The cumulative adverse events were found highest in pentavalent vaccines (510 incidences, 62.04%) followed by the bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (189 incidences, 22.99%). The study didn’t reveal any significant association in incidences of adverse events following immunization and sex of the children. @*Conclusion@#Vaccine safety surveillance studies are need of the hour in developing countries to maintain public trust in vaccines, the ultimate objective being to have vaccines with the most favorable benefit-risk profile. The present study discussed the various adverse events following immunization and suggested the absence of any sex-specific difference in incidences of adverse events in children.

Autoimmune Sclerosing Cholangitis in Children: A Prospective Case-Control Study / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Purpose@#In children overlap of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis is labelled as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC). The only prospective pediatric study showed a high prevalence of ASC by using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Aims of our study were to find the prevalence of ASC by using magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in AIH and in non-AIH cirrhosis and to compare clinical presentation and outcome of AIH and ASC. @*Methods@#Prospectively we did MRC in 38 children with AIH (cases) and 19 disease controls (Wilson disease). Multiple biliary strictures with proximal dilatation on MRC were taken as definitive changes of ASC. Detail clinical, laboratory parameters, liver histopathology and treatment outcome were recorded. @*Results@#The median age of cases was 11.5 (3–18) years, 22 (57.9%) were girls and 28 (73.7%) were diagnosed as type 1 AIH. MRC was done in 11 children (28.9%) at the time of diagnosis and in 27 (71.1%) after a median follow-up of 2.5 (0.3–10) years. Abnormal MRC changes were seen in 14/38 (36.8%) of AIH and 8/19 (42.1%) of controls. However, definite changes of ASC were present in four (10.5%) children in AIH and none in controls. None of the clinical, laboratory, histological parameters and treatment response were significantly different between ASC and AIH groups. @*Conclusion@#The prevalence of ASC in children with AIH was just 10.5%. We suggest MRC in select group with cholestatic features, inflammatory bowel disease and in those who showed poor response to immunosuppression instead of all children with AIH.

Autoimmune Sclerosing Cholangitis in Children: A Prospective Case-Control Study / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Purpose@#In children overlap of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis is labelled as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC). The only prospective pediatric study showed a high prevalence of ASC by using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Aims of our study were to find the prevalence of ASC by using magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in AIH and in non-AIH cirrhosis and to compare clinical presentation and outcome of AIH and ASC. @*Methods@#Prospectively we did MRC in 38 children with AIH (cases) and 19 disease controls (Wilson disease). Multiple biliary strictures with proximal dilatation on MRC were taken as definitive changes of ASC. Detail clinical, laboratory parameters, liver histopathology and treatment outcome were recorded. @*Results@#The median age of cases was 11.5 (3–18) years, 22 (57.9%) were girls and 28 (73.7%) were diagnosed as type 1 AIH. MRC was done in 11 children (28.9%) at the time of diagnosis and in 27 (71.1%) after a median follow-up of 2.5 (0.3–10) years. Abnormal MRC changes were seen in 14/38 (36.8%) of AIH and 8/19 (42.1%) of controls. However, definite changes of ASC were present in four (10.5%) children in AIH and none in controls. None of the clinical, laboratory, histological parameters and treatment response were significantly different between ASC and AIH groups. @*Conclusion@#The prevalence of ASC in children with AIH was just 10.5%. We suggest MRC in select group with cholestatic features, inflammatory bowel disease and in those who showed poor response to immunosuppression instead of all children with AIH.

A Study of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety Levels of Young Adults in India.

Since the end of December 2019, when a cluster of pneumonia cases due to a novel coronavirus was reported from China, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly gained pandemic proportions, leaving death and extensive lifestyle changes in its wake. This, along with economic standstill and social isolation has led to anxiety, especially among the susceptible young adult population. We conducted a survey to assess the prevalence of anxiety among the young adult population in India. MethodsA questionnaire consisting of 74 questions was floated via Survey Monkey among the Indian community using the chain-referral sampling method, targeting young adults between the ages of 18 and 34 years. The level of anxiety was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Responses were tabulated and analysed using IBM SPSS Data Editor. ResultsA total of 618 respondents completed the survey. There were 352 (57%) males, and 442 (72%) were living in an urban setting. Nearly 66% (405) hailed from Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. There were 190 students (31%), and 123 healthcare workers (20%) among others. 281 (46%) of these 618 young adults had some level of anxiety as per the GAD-7 scale, but only 120 (19.4%) had clinically significant anxiety (GAD-7 scores ≥ 5). 247 respondents (41%) said that television and newspaper reports added to their anxiety. Further, females were significantly more anxious than males (25.6% vs 14.8%; p 0.001). The prevalence of anxiety was also significantly different in urban and rural setting (21.7% vs 13.4%; p 0.02), in patients with presence of comorbidities versus healthy people (33.8% versus 17.5%; p 0.004) and in income loss versus stable income source (24.4% vs 14.8%; p 0.04). All these factors remained as independent predictors of anxiety after regression analysis. Interestingly, 78% of the young adults were eventually able to adjust to the lifestyle changes. ConclusionsThis survey confirms that young adults have impressionable minds and are prone to anxiety, which was prevalent in 46%. Female sex, urban setting, comorbidities, income loss and media reports were independent predictors of anxiety among the young adult Indian population.

Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbal Regimen for the Treatment of Post-partum Anestrus in Water Buffaloes

A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of combinations of different brands of herbal uterine cleansers, estrus inducers and mineral supplements in the treatment of anestrus in water buffaloes. Thirty she-buffaloes with a history of anestrus were randomly assigned to either of five equal groups. Group T0 served as untreated control, Group T1 was treated with a combination of Exapar bolus (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India), Janova capsule (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India) and Mintrus caplet (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India). Group T2 was treated with AV/UTB/26 bolus (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India), AV/OIP/22 powder (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India) and Mintrus caplet. Group T3 was treated with a combination of Brands A, B and C. Group T4 was treated with a combination of Brands X, Y and Z. The best estrus response was recorded in the Group T2 and the highest conception rates in Groups T2 and T4. The time interval between treatment and onset of estrus was significantly lowest (P<0.05) in Group T1 as compared to the other groups

Design and validation of Integrated Yoga Therapy module for Antarctic expeditioners

Background: Extreme environments are inherently stressful and are characterized by a variety of physicaland psychosocial stressors, including, but not limited to, isolation, confinement, social tensions, minimalpossibility of medical evacuation, boredom, monotony, and danger. Previous research studies recommend adaptation to the environment to maintain optimal function and remain healthy. Different interventions have been tried in the past for effective management of stress. Yoga practices have beenshown to be beneficial for coping with stress and enhance quality of life, sleep and immune status.Objective: The current article describes preparation of a Yoga module for better management of stressorsin extreme environmental condition of Antarctica.Materials and methods: A Yoga module was designed based on the traditional and contemporary yogaliterature as well as published studies. The Yoga module was sent for validation to forty experts of whichthirty responded.Results: Experts (n ¼ 30) gave their opinion on the usefulness of the yoga module. In total 29 out of 30practices were retained. The average content validity ratio and intra class correlation of the entiremodule was 0.89 & 0.78 respectively.Conclusion: A specific yoga module for coping and facilitating adaptation in Antarctica was designed andvalidated. This module was used in the 35th Indian Scientific expedition to Antarctica, and experimentsare underway to understand the efficacy and utility of Yoga on psychological stress, sleep, serum biomarkers and gene expression. Further outcomes shall provide the efficacy and utility of this module inAntarctic environments.© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Sciencesand Technology and World Ayurveda Foundation. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-NDlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Plasma Lipid Profile and Cardiac Risk Markers in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Nephropathy is one of the serious diabetic complications and haemodialysis the common modality employed generally aimed to correct the altered crystalloids as well as to remove accumulated nitrogenous waste products. But it rarely corrects the vascular lipid levels, hence increasing the thrust of dyslipidaemia and dyslipidaemia induced cardiovascular complications in these patients. A study was planned to assess the cardiovascular risk factors, Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic Index of plasma and Atherogenic Coefficient in these patients to evaluate the cardiovascular risk.METHODSPatients of type 2 diabetes suffering from diabetic nephropathy undergoing haemodialysis at Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga, and its affiliated hospitals in the age group of 30-60 years were randomly selected. A heparinised blood sample was collected after obtaining a written consent. Plasma lipid profile, Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic index of plasma and Atherogenic Coefficient were estimated. Aged matched non-diabetic subjects and type 2 diabetic patients without renal complications served as normal controls and diabetic controls respectively.RESULTSLevels of FPG, TC, TAG, HDLC, LDLC, VLDLC, CRR, AIP and AC were significantly elevated in patients of diabetic nephropathy.CONCLUSIONSPatients of diabetic nephropathy undergoing regular haemodialysis must be screened frequently for cardiovascular complications.

A descriptive study to assess the awareness of communication and social mobilization activities for tuberculosis control among households in rural area of Shivamogga, Karnataka

Background: Advocacy, communication, and social mobilization addresses four key challenges such as improving case detection and treatment adherence, reducing stigma and discrimination, empowering tuberculosis (TB) patients, and mobilizing the resources and political commitment required to combat TB. A multipronged approach included activities to disseminate information through information, education, and communication materials, and simultaneously initiating community-based activities by actively involving and sensitizing communities on TB. Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To assess the awareness of communication and social mobilization activities among households in rural field practice area of Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga and (2) to know the preferred sources of communication and social mobilization activities among households in rural field practice area of Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among households in rural field practice area of Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga. After taking approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee, data were collected by doing house-to-house visits until all the houses in that particular village were covered. After taking informed consent, every household willing to be a part of the study was subjected to personal interviews using a semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire, which was initially developed in English, and all the questions were translated into local language Kannada for the target population. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: Of 100 households covered, females (74%) were more compared to males (26%), and among media information sources of TB; unaware (43%), television (TV) (26%), posters in health center (5%), and among community information source of TB; and unaware (34%), health-care provider (36%), and peers (11%). Most of them preferred TV and health-care providers as the priority to disseminate health education. Conclusion: The awareness of communication and social mobilization activities is very poor among rural people, which requires effective use of media information sources such as TV, radio, and digital innovations to convey the information with high priority to community participation in all social mobilization activities.

Next-Generation Sequencing as Diagnostic Tool in Veterinary Research

The field of genomics has been revolutionized by next generation sequencing. NGS technology is likely to play an important role in the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. The feasibility of sequencing genomes at a much faster rate and with greater precision has been made possible with the advent of newer methods. In the current review, we describe the various sequencing methods available and also discuss select areas of biology where application of next generation sequencing would open a whole new avenue in veterinary research

A clinical study of trends of ectopic pregnancy and its management in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Ectopic gestation is a gynaecological emergency which culminates in pregnancy loss and causes significant maternal morbidity, mortality besides jeopardizing future conception. The study discusses the incidence, risk factors, symptomatology and management of ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: This was a prospective study of 45 cases of ectopic pregnancies at a tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2012 to December 2013. Information was collected in a structured proforma, tabulated and descriptive analysis was carried out.Results: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 1.17%. Majority of the patients (80%) belonged to 20-30 yrs age group. Second gravidas predominated (42.2%). Fallopian tube was the most common site (95.5%). Rudimentary horn ectopic accounted for 4.65%. Previous abdominopelvic surgery (31.1%), IUCD usage (22.2%), PID (20%), abortions (20%), tubectomy (15.5%) were the principal risk factors. 42% of the patients had no risk factor. The triad of amenorrhea, bleeding per vaginum and abdominal pain was seen in 51.1% of cases. Ultrasound, UPT, β-hCG estimation were the diagnostic tools. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy accounted for 64.4%. Nearly 95.5% of patients underwent surgery; salpingectomy (76%). Methotrexate was successful in 4.44%. There was no maternal mortality.Conclusions: Mostly diagnosis, prompt surgical or medical management is cornerstone of treatment. Primary prevention such as improved access to family planning services, sex education, treatment of STI, PID, surgical asepsis  and haemostasis, implementing legislation for dispensing MTP drugs ameliorate risk factors and hence reduce ectopic pregnancy.