Histological and immunohistochemical study of the effect of orlistat on the exocrine pancreas of adult female albino rat

Orlistat is considered to be a safe and effective drug to treat obesity by decreasing the absorption of digested fat. However, many cases of orlistat-induced pancreatitis were reported. This study was carried out to study the effect of orlistat on the histological structureol the exocrine part of the pancreas, and to evaluate the possibility of recovery after its withdrawal. Forty-eight adult female albino rats were divided into; group I [control], group II [each animal received 32 mg orlistat orally once daily for 8 weeks] and group III [recovery], which received the same dose of orlistat and was left without any treatment for another 8 weeks. The pancreas from each animal was dissected out and processed for histological [light microscopic and electron microscopic] study. The result of immunohistochemical [inducible nitric oxide synthase] stain was statically analyzed. Sections of orlistat-treated rats showed variable disturbance of normal architectureol the pancreatic acini, congestion of blood vessels, and widening of the spaces between the acini. The acinar cells showed vacuolation of their cytoplasm. Immunostaining of inducible nitric oxide synthase revealed significant increase in the reaction in group II. Ultrastructure examination showed dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, destroyed mitochondria, and dissolution of zymogene granules in some acinar cells. These findings were improved after stoppage of the drug. Orlistat has a harmful effect on pancreatic acini. Thus, it must be taken under medical observation

Protective effect of erythropoietin on histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical changes of ileal mucosa induced by intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion injury in adult albino rat

Erythropoietin [EPO] is a hypoxia-induced cytokine. It is traditionally known to regulate erythropoiesis, but recently its protective effect against Ischemia/Reperfusion injury [I/R] has been studied in cardiovascular and neuronal systems and other tissues. This work was carried out to demonstrate the possible protective role of erythropoietin in ameliorating the effect of experimentally induced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury histologically, immunohistochemically and biochemically. Fifty adult albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I [Control Group]; Group II [Ischemia/Reperfusion] and group III [ischemia/reperfusion with erythropoietin]. The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60-min to induce ischemia and then the clamp was removed for 120-min for reperfusion. EPO [5000 U/ kg] was administered intraperitoneally at the onset of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period terminal ileum was extracted for histological examination and immunohistochemical detection of the distribution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] from all animals. The levels of malondialdehyde [MDA, a biomarker of oxidative damage], myeloperoxidase [MPO, an index of the degree of neutrophil accumulation] and glutathione [GSH, a biomarker of protective oxidative injury] were also determined in all dissected tissues. In the Ischemia/Reperfusion [I/R] group, the mucosa of the ileum showed shortening and distortion of the villi, erosion of the lining epithelium, degeneration of epithelial cells of the villi and the crypts of Leiberkuhn. Inflammatory cellular infiltration in mucosa was also observed. Ultrastructurally, degenerative changes were observed in the enterocytes in the form of cytoplasamic vacuolation, mitochondrial degeneration and dilatation of rER. The levels of MDA and MPO were significantly increased whereas those of GSH were significantly decreased. Immunohistochemical study revealed a non significant increase in the number of PCNA - positive nuclei in the crypts. On the other hand, when erythropoietin was administrated at the onset of reperfusion [Group III], intestinal morphological changes were alleviated and the levels of MDA and MPO were significantly decreased whereas those of GSH were significantly increased. Immunohistochemical study revealed a significant increase in the PCNA positive nuclei in the crypts of Leiberkuhn. EPO exerts a protective effect against intestinal I/R injury in rats by reducing oxidative stress and promoting enterocytes proliferation. Therefore, erythropoietin may offer a new protective strategy for I/R injury in the field of intestinal surgery and transplantation

Protective role of quercetin [phytochemical] against water avoidance stress induced interstitial cystitis of adult female albino rats light and electron microscopic study

Interstitial cystitis [IC] is a chronic inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder, its cause is unknown. It is believed not to be caused by bacteria and does not respond to antibiotic therapy, it has been proved to be caused by stress. It affect people of any race, age and sex, more women than men suffer from this condition. Oral therapy utilizing quercetin [naturally occurring compound widely distributed in the plant kingdom specially in apple, onion, tea and berries] recently proved to be clinically effective in relieving the symptoms of this disease. This research aimed to study the protective effect of quercetin on the urinary bladder mucosa of the experimentally induced IC in rats by exposing them to water avoidance stress [WAS] which has been shown to induce IC. 32 adult female albino rats were divided into four groups [8 animals each]. Animals of group I were exposed to WAS 2 h daily for 5 days. In group II, 50 mg/kg quercetin was given orally to the animals before exposing them to WAS. Animals of group III were given the same dose of quercetin without exposing them to WAS. Animals of group IV were served as control animals. At the end of the experiment, urinary bladder samples were taken and prepared to be examined by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. In group I, urothelium showed ulcerated areas, vacuoles formation, degenerated mitochondria and dilatation in the intercellular spaces were observed. Lamina propria showed dilated blood vessels and interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cell, increased number of mast cells in the mucosa was also observed. In group II, relatively normal urothelial topography, regular tight junctions and a few number of mast cells in the mucosa was observed. The results of the present study demonstrated that, quercetin has protective effects on IC which induced by stress, as the morphology changes which induced in bladder mucosa were all improved by quercetin utilization

Histological and immunohistochemical study of the effect of travoprost with and without benzalkonium chloride on the corneae epithelium of adult male albino rat

Chronic topical glaucoma therapy has been reported to cause deleterious changes to the ocular surface layers. Benzalkonium chloride [BAK] is the most commonly used ocular preservative, especially in antiglaucoma drugs. It is largely responsible for the ocular toxicities and inflammation associated with the chronic use of many ophthalmic solutions. This work aimed to compare structural changes in corneae epithelium of rats after chronic exposure to travoprost 0.004% eye drops preserved without BAK, travoprost 0.004% eye drops preserved with BAK and BAK alone. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five equal groups and created topically once daily for eight weeks; group I [control group], group II received sofzia preservative system, group III received travoprost 0.004% eye drops preserved with sofzia [Travatan Z], group IV received BAK 0.015% and group V received travoprost 0.004% eye drops preserved with 0.015% BAK [Travatan]. At the end of the experiment, cortical specimens were processed for histological study by light and electron microscopes as well as immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin-3 [CK-3]. Corneal epithelium of animals treated with BAK alone and those treated with travoprost preserved with BAK showed desquamation of epithelial cells, significant decrease of epithelial thickness, focal disruption of Bowman's membrane, loss of microvilli, cytoplasmic-vacuolation, nuclear fragmentation and swollen mitochondria with widening of intercellular spaces. lmmunohistochemical study revealed significant decrease in the expression of CK-3 in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. However, no obious histological changes were recorded in corneal specimens in animals treated with travoptost preserved with sofzia with normal expression of CK-3 in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Once-daily dosing of travoprost preserved with BAR produced significant corneal epithelial changes. However, the use of glaucoma medications with alternative preservatives as sofzia can preserve corneal health

Histological study of the effect of Di [2-ethyihexyl] phthalate [DEHP] on the adrenal cortex of adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of ginseng

Phthalates are widely spread environmental contaminants because of their use in plastics and other common consumer products. Di-[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate [DEHP] is the most abundant phthalate in the environment. Ginseng enhances adrenal gland function and improves physical performance, promotes vitality and increases resistahce to stress, aging and oxidants. The purpose of the present study was to study the histological effect of DEHP and Panax ginseng on the adrenal cortex. Forty adult male albino rats were used and were divided into four main groups [10 animals each]; a control group, Panax ginseng treated group which received 3.6 mg/rat of Panax ginseng orally once daily for 4 weeks, DEHP treated group which received 2.85 mg/kg body weight of DEHP orally once daily for 4 weeks and the fourth group received a combination of daily ginseng and DEHP for 4 weeks. Specimens of adrenal cortex were processed for histological study by light and electron microscopes. In DEHP treated rats, the cells of the three cortical zones, showed apparent increase in the cytoplasmic vacuolation and irregular darkly stained nuclei. Ultrastructurally, degenerative changes were observed in the cortical cells especially in the zona fasciculata in the form of cytoplasamic vacuolation, mitochondrial degeneration and increased lipid droplets. When Panax ginseng was added most of the morphological changes were resolved to be more or less similar to the control group. DEHP had a toxic effect on adrenal cortex which could be resolved by concomitant administration of Panax ginseng. So, it is advised to give ginseng to those exposed to DEHP especially in industries

Effect of leflunomide [avara] drug on the lung of adult male albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Leflunomide is a newly developed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. Recently, spontaneous reports of interstitial lung disease in patients treated with leflunomide have been reported. It is unclear whether leflunomide is directly related to the occurrence of such lung toxicity or whether other factors might be involved. This study was carried out to demonstrate the effect of leflunomide on the lung structure and the possibility of recovery after its withdrawal. Thirty adult male albino rats were used and were divided into three main groups [10 animals each]; a control group, leflunomide treated group which received 2 mg/kg body weight of leflunomide orally once daily for 8 weeks, and the third group received the same dose of leflunomide as the second group then the drug was stopped for 4 weeks. Lung specimens were processed for histological study by LM and EM and stained immunohistochemically by caspase-3 antibody for detection of apoptotic cells. In leflunomide treated rats the lung showed significant increase in the thickness of the inter-alveolar septa with mononuclear cellular infiltration associated with alveolar damage and many collapsed alveoli. Significant increase in caspase- 3 positive alveolar cells was detected. Type II pneumocytes were significantly increased in number with increase in the collagen content of the inter-ale veolar septa when compared with the control group. Ultrastructurally, degenerative changes were observed in the alveolar cells in the form of cytoplasamic vacuolation, mitochondrial degeneration and destruction of lamellar bodies. After stoppage of leflunomide treatment, these changes in lung structure showed partial recovery with persistence of lung fibrosis suggesting that the lung toxicity of leflunomide was partially reversible. Leflunomide could induce alveolar damage and pulmonary fibrosis and it is recommended that patients under leflunomide treatment should be regularly examined for early detection of interstitial pneumonitis