Developmental changes of internal anal sphincter in guinea pigs: a histological and immunohistochemical study

The internal anal sphincter [IAS] plays an important role in the maintenance of anorectal continence and in the pathophysiology of constipation and incontinence. Failure of a full-term newborn to pass meconium within the first 24 h should raise a suspicion of intestinal obstruction. However, the causes of functional intestinal obstruction in infants are still unclear; however, one cause might be immaturity of the IAS. This study aimed at illustrating the developmental changes in IAS in guinea pigs of different ages. Forty-one guinea pigs were selected and divided into four groups. They were sacrificed and the rectoanal canal specimens were dissected at the appropriate time from each group as follows: group I - from embryos in the third trimester; group II - from animals on their first postnatal day; group III - from animals aged 4 weeks; and group IV - from animals aged 16 weeks. The rectoanal canal specimens was prepared for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Morphometric analysis was also performed. Thickness of the IAS increased with advancing age, whereas that of the connective tissue component decreased. Moreover, alpha-smooth muscle actin filaments increased with age. There was also age-related development of the enteric nervous system, especially the myenteric plexus in the rectoanal junction region. Results of the current study revealed pronounced developmental changes in the histological structure of guinea pig IAS. Therefore, development of the IAS might have a possible role in the functional intestinal obstruction seen in preterm and full-term infants

Study of human dermal microvasculature after retrograde intravenous pressure infusion [RIPI]

The morphological changes in human dermal microvasculature induced by retrograde intravenous pressure infusion [RIPI] under arterial occlusion of the lower leg [Bier's block] were studied in 18 male subjects, 12 cases with minor foot laceration subjected to RIPI of the antibiotic netilmicin and six served as healthy control volunteers. The ultrastructural study showed a marked dilatation, especially venous capillaries and postcapillary venules with prominent multilayered basal lamina compared with the controls and the pre- technique samples. Lymphatic capillaries were also dilated. The tight junctions between endothelial cells of both dilated blood and lymphatic capillaries were loosened with the appearance of gaps between them. The investigation showed that RIPI of antibiotic into arterially blocked lower limb enhanced the diffusion of molecules into dermis through dermal blood vessels due to a rise of venous blood pressure without any signs of endothelial cell damage which allowed a high local tissue concentration of the antibiotic at the site of injury