Epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression evaluation in colorectal cancer patients.

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of death in the world and third and fourth most common cancer among men and women in Iran respectively. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that shows over expression in epithelial tumors and regulates important processes in tumorigenesis. Incidence and characteristics of colorectal cancer are based on the geographic region and race. Aim: In this research work, the over expression of EGFR in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colorectal cancer tumor tissue of patients was studied. Materials and Methods: Fifteen FFPE colorectal cancer tumor tissues (10 women and 5 men; 25-65 years old and stage IV) and 15 non-patients (nine women and six men; 25-65 years old) that were collected during 2006-2012. EGFR gene expression level was analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All PCR reactions were performed in triplicate for both target gene and internal control (18s ribosomal ribonucleic acid) with the 2−ΔΔCT method. Gene expression differences in patients and controls were evaluated with t-test. Results: The results were showed EGFR gene over expression in 12 (80%) of 15 patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of EGFR expression between patients and control (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated EGFR gene over expression in colorectal cancer tumor tissue compared with controls.

[Comparing the pain severity caused by muscular injection of Tramadole in Z and bulb methods]

Pain, rather than any other problems, would persuade people to pursue remedy and treatment. Muscular injections are among pain producing factors. This technique of prescription can be followed by some complications from which pain is the most prevalent one. This study was performed to compare the pain severity caused by muscular injection of Tramadole in Z and Bulb methods. This is a clinical trial study in which 90 women who referred to the emergency ward of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Yasooj in 2006 were randomly selected. Data collection instrument was questionnaire. The pain severity was evaluated by visual scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical method, independent T and chi square test using SPSS software. Mean of pain severity in bulb method was 2.84 +/- 1.242 and in Z method was 4.56 +/- 1.659. The independent T test indicated that the differences in pain severity in two injection methods were statistically significant [p=0.036]. No significant differences were found between age, educational level, job, marriatal status, number of previous injections and BMI of samples between two groups. Bulb method injection induces less pain in comparison with Z method; therefore it is an ideal method for muscular injections. As such, health care workers, especially nurses, can, through this method, minimize the patients' pain, which is one of the most important injection complaints

[Comparing the effect of Iranian NBC protective clothes [with and without mask] and usual combat clothes on aerobic capacity]

In many jobs such as military personnel especially in chemical attacks must active clothes to avoid physical, chemical and environmental damages. Such clothes should cause minimal physiological, mental and organic limitations on the body, beside their protective features. The of this study is to compare the Iranian NBC protective clothes with usual combat clothes, in terms of their on Aerobic capacity of the subjects. This is an experimental study. Thirty healthy male individuals according to criteria recruited for this study. After selecting type of clothes performed a physical activity according treadmill test while wearing NBC protective clothing with mask, NBC protective clothing without bind usual combat clothing. After physical activity such parameters as exhaustion time and distance measured. Aerobic capacity [Vo2max] was also predicted with Bruce equation. its: data showed that Aerobic capacity [Vo2max] in NBC protective clothing with mask was 43.4 +/- 7.91mi/kg/min, in NBC protective clothing without mask 52.05 +/- 8.37 mI/kg/min and in usual combat was 59.57 +/- 6.54 mI/kg/mm. This difference was significant [p<0.001]. These three sets of clothes had different values in Parameters such as exhaustion time and distance. In the case of tolerance time and aerobic capacity [Vo2m.ax] the results obtained from the usual combat clothes showed greater values than NBC protective clothing with and without mask [P<0.05]. The results showed that Iranian NBC protective clothes with mask cause that the person has ass tolerance time, because the aerobic capacity [Vo2max] for these clothes was observed as less than NBC protective clothes without mask and usual combat clothes