Characteristics of tear meniscus using a spectral domain optical coherence tomography in medically controlled glaucoma

Purpose: To compare the tear meniscus height (TMH) and tear meniscus depth (TMD) between medically controlled glaucoma subjects and age?matched controls. Methods: This prospective, cross?sectional, observational study included 50 patients with medically controlled glaucoma and 50 age?matched controls. Glaucoma subjects using topical medications for the duration of more than 1 year were included. The age?matched controls were participants with no history of glaucoma, dry eye, or any other diseases affecting the ocular surface. All the participants underwent TMH and TMD scan using spectral domain?optical coherence tomography (SD?OCT), which was followed by ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire administration. Results: The mean ages of glaucoma subjects and age?matched controls were 40 ± 22 and 39 ± 21 years, respectively (P > 0.05). Of them, 40% (n = 22) were on single drug therapy or monotherapy and 60% (n = 28) were on multidrug therapy. TMH and TMD of glaucoma subjects and age?matched controls were 101.27 ± 31.86 versus 230.63 ± 49.82 ?m and 70.60 ± 27.41 versus 167.37 ± 57.06 ?m, respectively. Subjects on multidrug therapy showed a statistically significant reduction in TMH and TMD when compared to age?matched controls. Conclusion: Preservative containing topical glaucoma medications affects the ocular surface, including the tear film. The prolonged duration and multiple combination of this drug usage serve as potential factors for causing reduction in the tear meniscus levels leading to drug?induced dryness

Bluetooth Coupling in Hearing Aids: Effect on Audiovisual Speech Recognition and Quality Rating of Compressed Speech in Older Individuals with Sloping Hearing Loss

Abstract Introduction Older individuals often report that they find it difficulty in enjoying watching television since they find it hard to follow the rapid intensity variations, and voice changes from scene to scene. Objective The present study investigated the effect of coupling the hearing aid with the television via Bluetooth on audiovisual speech recognition and quality rating of compressed speech in older individuals with hearing loss. Method Twenty participants in the age range of 60 to 75 years who had moderate to moderately severe sloping sensorineural hearing loss were bilaterally fitted with digital receiver in the canal hearing aids. The hearing aid was coupled with a television via Bluetooth using a streamer. The video recorded stimuli were presented at 65 dB SPL at normal rate, 35% compression and 45% compression conditions. Speech recognition scores and quality ratings were obtained for each condition with and without the Bluetooth streamer connected to the hearing aids. Results Speech recognition scores were significantly better with Bluetooth coupling compared with conventional hearing aid use at 40% compressed speech rate. The quality was also rated higher in almost all parameters across speech rates when Bluetooth was used. Conclusions The improved clarity and nullification of room reverberation offered by Bluetooth coupling can potentially compensate for the age-related temporal processing deficit contributing to ease of listening.

Determination of a cut-off value for the serological diagnosis of scrub typhus by detecting anti-Orientia tsutsugamushi immunoglobulin M

Background & objectives: The diagnosis of scrub typhus (ST) is usually done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) due to its ease of performance and reading objectivity. The cut-off value for ELISA needs to be calculated for each geographical location as it depends on zonal endemicity of the disease. This study was, therefore, undertaken to calculate the pan-India cut-off for anti-Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) immunoglobulin M (IgM) by ELISA. Methods: Samples from cases (cases of ST) and controls (voluntary, consenting, healthy adults) were collected by a network of 29 laboratories across India and tested for anti-OT IgM by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the considered gold standard test. These samples were retested by ELISA for anti-OT IgM and their optical densities (ODs) were used for cut-off estimation by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Anti-OT IgM ELISA ODs from 273 controls and 136 cases were used for the cut-off estimation. The ODs of the anti-OT IgM ELISA on healthy individuals and those of confirmed ST cases ranged from 0.1 to 0.75 and 0.5 to 4.718, respectively. ROC curve-based cut-off for ELISA was calculated as 0.554 at a sensitivity of 95.2 per cent and specificity of 95.1 per cent. A value of >1 was noted to have a specificity of 100 per cent in diagnosing ST. Interpretation & conclusions: The cut-off calculated for India was similar to the previous cut-off that was used until now.

An Incidental Finding Of Button Battery In The Nose Without Any Complication- A Case Report Of A Rare Presentation

Aim And Background-A foreign body in nose presents with unilateral purulent nasal discharge, nasal obstruction and nasal bleed.We present a case in which a button battery remained uncomplicated in the nasal cavity for a year. However, if it is found, it should be removed as early as possible. A 6-year-old female child presented with aCase Description – one-year history of foul-smelling, left-sided nasal discharge. During anterior rhinoscopy, a black, rigid mass was observed. A circular foreign object was found in the floor of the left nasal cavity during a CT (computed tomography) scan of the Nose and PNS (paranasal sinuses). General anesthesia was used during the diagnostic nasal endoscopy on the child. A foreign body was visualized and removed using a curved curette. The nasal mucosa was normal on follow-up, and there was no septal perforation. A detailed history, assessment and radiological examination plays aConclusion- key role in management of foreign bodies.We report that a button battery was left in the nose for a long time without causing any problems. There were no complications from an unnoticed button battery in theClinical Significance: nose for a year. However, if it is found, it should be removed.

Recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast: A case report and review of literature

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare and low-grade sarcoma of fibroblast origin with a tendency to invade and recur locally. The most common sites of origin of DFSP are the head, neck, and extremities. However, DFSP breast has also been reported. It infiltrates surrounding subcutaneous tissue and fascia, with an incidence of <2% for lung metastases. Surgery being the main modality of the treatment, literature has shown that radiation therapy also plays an important role to improve local control in case of recurrent tumors. In this article, we will be discussing one such rare case of DFSP in a recurrent setting and the role of radiation therapy.

Burkholderia cepacia causing liver and splenic abscess: Two case reports

Burkholderia cepacia infections are common among immunocompromised patients but multiple reports have shown that it can affect immunocompetent patients also. We are reporting two patients with multiple liver and splenic abscesses caused by Burkholderia cepacia. First case is a 54-year-old diabetic male presenting with fever, abdominal pain, bilateral lower limb weakness, and incontinence of urine. Second case is a 41-year-old male presenting with fever and confusion. Both had liver and splenic abscesses. Pus aspirated from the abscesses grew Burkholderia cepacia. Both responded to cotrimoxazole. Our case report emphasizes growing incidence of Burkholderia cepacia in immunocompetent patients.

A Delphi consensus on the nomenclature and diagnosis of lichen planus pigmentosus and related entities

Background: Although well known in clinical practice, research in lichen planus pigmentosus and related dermal pigmentary diseases is restricted due to lack of consensus on nomenclature and disease definition. Aims and Objectives: Delphi exercise to define and categorise acquired dermal pigmentary diseases. Methods: Core areas were identified including disease definition, etiopathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment modalities and outcome measures. The Delphi exercise was conducted in three rounds. Results: Sixteen researchers representing 12 different universities across India and Australia agreed to be part of this Delphi exercise. At the end of three rounds, a consensus of >80% was reached on usage of the umbrella term ‘acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation’. It was agreed that there were minimal differences, if any, among the disorders previously defined as ashy dermatosis, erythema dyschromicum perstans, Riehl’s melanosis and pigmented contact dermatitis. It was also agreed that lichen planus pigmentosus, erythema dyschromicum perstans and ashy dermatosis did not differ significantly apart from the sites of involvement, as historically described in the literature. Exposure to hair colours, sunlight and cosmetics was associated with these disorders in a significant proportion of patients. Participants agreed that both histopathology and dermatoscopy could diagnose dermal pigmentation characteristic of acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation but could not differentiate the individual entities of ashy dermatosis, erythema dyschromicum perstans, Riehl’s melanosis, lichen planus pigmentosus and pigmented contact dermatitis. Limitations: A wider consensus involving representatives from East Asian, European and Latin American countries is required. Conclusion: Acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation could be an appropriate conglomerate terminology for acquired dermatoses characterised by idiopathic or multifactorial non-inflammatory macular dermal hyperpigmentation

Surgical management of chronic osteomyelitis: Organisms, recurrence and treatment outcome / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The study aimed to identify the risk factors of recurrence in chronic osteomyelitis (COM) and to document the microbiological patterns pre- and intra-operatively and at recurrence, if any.@*METHODS@#We performed retrospective review on COM patients treated with surgical debridement and a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients with symptoms of osteomyelitis for at least 6 weeks, present or past episodes of discharging sinus, documentation of bone sequestration in operative notes or preoperative images were included in the study. Patients with symptoms of osteomyelitis < 6 weeks, lack of history of discharging sinus or lack of evidence of sequestration in preoperative images or intraoperative notes were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of risk factors of recurrence. Cohen-Kappa scores were derived to see the concordance between pre-operative and intra-operative isolates and at recurrence.@*RESULTS@#Totally, 147 COM patients (115 males and 32 females, mean age (33 ± 19) years) were included in this study. Recurrence was noted in 28 patients (19.0%). Polymicrobial growth and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae increased the chance of recurrence. Cierny-Mader stage-1, hematogenous aetiology and negative intraoperative culture reduced the chance of recurrence. Concordance between pre-operative and intra-operative cultures was 59.85% (Kappa score 0.526, p < 0.001) and between index surgery and at recurrence was 23.81% (Kappa score 0.155, p < 0.001). Lack of knowledge of causative organism preoperatively did not affect outcome. At mean follow-up (42 ± 15) months, all patients were apparently infection free for at least 1 year.@*CONCLUSION@#Polymicrobial growth and multi-drug resistant organisms increase the risk of recurrence in COM. Patients' age, gender, diabetes mellitus, previous failed treatment, duration of symptoms, haemoglobin, white cell count, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at presentation did not have any impact on the recurrence of infection. Pre-operative isolation of organism is of questionable value. Recurrences of infections do occur and are more of re-infections than relapses. Diligent isolation of organism must be attempted even in re-debridements. Even patients with recurrences do well with appropriate debridement and antibiotic therapy.

Assessment of Risks and Benefits of Using Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Ex-Vivo Therapy

Recently, ex-vivo gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by introducing functional genes in vitro. Here, we explored the need of using selection markers to increase the gene delivery efficiency and evaluated the potential risks associated with their use in the manufacturing process. We used MSCs/CD that carry the cytosine deaminase gene (CD) as a therapeutic gene and a puromycin resistance gene (PuroR) as a selection marker. We evaluated the correlation between the therapeutic efficacy and the purity of therapeutic MSCs/CD by examining their anti-cancer effect on co-cultured U87/GFP cells. To simulate in vivo horizontal transfer of the PuroR gene in vivo, we generated a puromycin-resistant

Preclinical Study on Biodistribution of Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Local Transplantation into the Brain

Therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is determined by biodistribution and engraftment in vivo.Compared to intravenous infusion, biodistribution of locally transplanted MSCs are partially understood. Here, we performed a pharmacokinetics (PK) study of MSCs after local transplantation. We grafted human MSCs into the brains of immune-compromised nude mice. Then we extracted genomic DNA from brains, lungs, and livers after transplantation over a month. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with human Alu-specific primers, we analyzed biodistribution of the transplanted cells. To evaluate the role of residual immune response in the brain, MSCs expressing a cytosine deaminase (MSCs/CD) were used to ablate resident immune cells at the injection site. The majority of the Alu signals mostly remained at the injection site and decreased over a week, finally becoming undetectable after one month. Negligible signals were transiently detected in the lung and liver during the first week. Suppression of Iba1-positive microglia in the vicinity of the injection site using MSCs/CD prolonged the presence of the Alu signals.After local transplantation in xenograft animal models, human MSCs remain predominantly near the injection site for limited time without disseminating to other organs. Transplantation of human MSCs can locally elicit an immune response in immune compromised animals, and suppressing resident immune cells can prolong the presence of transplanted cells. Our study provides valuable insights into the in vivo fate of locally transplanted stem cells and a local delivery is effective to achieve desired dosages for neurological diseases.

Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning in revolutionising biomarker discovery

Abstract The article explores the significance of biomarkers in clinical research and the advantages of utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the discovery process. Biomarkers provide a more comprehensive understanding of disease progression and response to therapy compared to traditional indicators. AI and ML offer a new approach to biomarker discovery, leveraging large amounts of data to identify patterns and optimize existing biomarkers. Additionally, the article touches on the emergence of digital biomarkers, which use technology to assess an individual's physiological and behavioural states, and the importance of properly processing omics and multi-omics data for efficient handling by computer systems. However, the article acknowledges the challenges posed by AI/ML in the identification of biomarkers, including potential biases in the data and the need for diversity in data representation. To address these challenges, the article suggests the importance of regulation and diversity in the development of AI/ML algorithms.

Role of Brain Angiotensin-II in Development of Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy in Wistar Rats

Abstract The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Angiotensin-II secreted during the RAAS pathway increases nephropathy. It stimulates oxidative stress which can quench nitric oxide. Reduced nitric oxide level aggravates Ang-II-induced vasoconstriction. Ang-II has also emerged as a central mediator of the glomerular hemodynamic changes that are associated with renal injury. Deletion of ACE2 is also noted due to increased Ang-II level which leads to the development of DN. We hypothesize that nephropathy caused by Ang-II in the periphery may be controlled by brain RAAS. ACE inhibitors and ARBs may show the renoprotective effect when administered through ICV without crossing the blood-brain barrier. DN was observed after 8 weeks of diabetes induction through alloxan. Administration of captopril and valsartan once and in combined therapy for 2 weeks, significantly reduced urine output, blood urea nitrogen, total protein in the urine, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, serum triglycerides, and kidney/body weight ratio as compared to diabetic control rats. Further, combination therapy significantly increased the body weight and serum nitrate level as compared to diabetic control animals. However, increased ACE2 levels in the brain may reduce the sympathetic outflow and might have decreased the peripheral activity of Ang-II which shows beneficial effects in DN.

Assessment of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and cortisol levels in saliva and their correlation to cervical vertebrae maturation method in males and females at different growth stages: a clinical study

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this in-vivo study was to assess the salivary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and cortisol levels, and their correlation to the Cervical Vertebrae Maturation method (CVM) in males and females at pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal growth stages. Methods: 48 patients (24 males, 24 females) who were to undergo routine orthodontic treatment were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then subjects were grouped according to CVM stages, using lateral cephalogram, in pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal groups. Unstimulated saliva from the selected subjects was collected. DHEAS and cortisol levels in the salivary samples were estimated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then they were compared to Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Method stages. One-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post-hoc test was used to compare the salivary DHEAS and cortisol levels between different CVM stages in males and females. Independent Student t-test was used to compare the mean salivary DHEAS and cortisol levels between different males and females in each CVM stage. Result: There was a progressive increase in salivary DHEAS and cortisol concentration as skeletal maturation progressed from CVM stages 1 and 2, CVM stages 3 and 4, reaching the highest value at CVM stages 5 and 6. Their levels were higher in males than females. Conclusion: The salivary DHEAS and cortisol levels can be useful as a potential indicator of skeletal maturation, to aid in the assessment of pubertal status.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo in vivo foi avaliar os níveis salivares de sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEAS) e de cortisol, e sua correlação com o método de maturação das vértebras cervicais (CVM) em homens e mulheres nas fases de crescimento pré-puberal, puberal e pós-puberal. Métodos: 48 pacientes (24 homens, 24 mulheres) que se submeteriam a tratamento ortodôntico de rotina foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Em seguida, usando telerradiografia lateral, os indivíduos foram agrupados de acordo com os estágios CVM, em grupos pré-puberal, puberal e pós-puberal. Foi feita coleta de saliva não estimulada nos indivíduos selecionados. Os níveis de DHEAS e cortisol nas amostras salivares foram avaliados pelo teste ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay). Em seguida, foram comparados aos estágios do método CVM. O teste ANOVA de uma via seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey foi usado para comparar o DHEAS salivar e os níveis de cortisol entre os diferentes estágios de CVM em homens e mulheres. O teste t de Student independente foi usado para comparar a média de DHEAS salivar e os níveis de cortisol entre diferentes homens e mulheres em cada estágio de CVM. Resultados: Houve um aumento progressivo no DHEAS salivar e na concentração de cortisol à medida que a maturação esquelética progrediu dos estágios CVM 1 e 2, para os estágios CVM 3 e 4, atingindo o valor mais alto nos estágios CVM 5 e 6. Seus níveis foram maiores nos homens do que nas mulheres. Conclusões: Os níveis salivares de DHEAS e cortisol podem ser úteis como um potencial indicador de maturação esquelética, para auxiliar na avaliação do estado puberal.

Effect of Drain Duration and Output on Perioperative Outcomes and Readmissions after Lumbar Spine Surgery

Methods@#Patients aged ≥18 years who underwent lumbar fusion with a postoperative drain between 2017 and 2020 were included and grouped based on hospital readmission status, last 8-hour drain output (<40 mL cutoff), or drain duration (2 days cutoff). Total output of all drains, total output of the primary drain, drain duration in days, drain output per day, last 8-hour output, penultimate 8-hour output, and last 8-hour delta (last 8-hour output subtracted by penultimate 8-hour output) were collected. Continuous and categorical data were compared between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed to determine whether drain variables can predict hospital readmission, postoperative blood transfusions, and postoperative anemia. Alpha was 0.05. @*Results@#Our cohort consisted of 1,166 patients with 111 (9.5%) hospital readmissions. Results of regression analysis did not identify any of the drain variables as independent predictors of hospital readmission, postoperative blood transfusion, or postoperative anemia. ROC analysis demonstrated the drain variables to be poor predictors of hospital readmission, with the highest area under curve of 0.524 (drain duration), corresponding to a sensitivity of 61.3% and specificity of 49.9%. @*Conclusions@#Drain output or duration did not affect readmission rates following lumbar spine surgery.

Determining attributed factors of hearing handicap in individuals with auditory sensory and neural pathology

Abstract Introduction: There is a modest relationship between speech perception skills and perceived hearing handicap in individuals with hearing loss. In this study, an attempt is made at linking psychoacoustic results and speech perception skills to understand the subjective handicap and quality of life. Objective: To investigate how speech perception in noise (signal to noise ratio-50), difference limen frequency, temporal modulation transfer function, hearing handicap inventory for adults, and quality of life in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder differs from sensorineural hearing loss. Further we attempt to discern attributed factors of hearing handicap in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder and sensorineural hearing loss. Methods: A cross-sectional study with comparative and correlational research designs were utilized. Eighty-four participants were grouped into sensorineural hearing loss (n = 49), and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (n = 35) was sub-grouped into mild, moderately severe, and severe. We evaluated signal to noise ratio-50, difference limen frequency, and temporal modulation transfer function. In addition, hearing handicap inventory for adults, and quality of life questionnaires were administered. Results: Mild auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder showed impairment in speech perception and discriminating frequency, which were similar to the severe sensory neural hearing loss. Temporal resolution impairment in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder mild was significantly higher than in each sub-groups of sensorineural hearing loss. The severity of the hearing handicap in was similar to severe sensorineural hearing loss, quality of life was equally affected in sensorineural hearing loss and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. In sensorineural hearing loss, signal to noise ratio-50 was positively related, and quality of life was negatively related to hearing handicap. In auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, no contributory factors were related to hearing handicap. Conclusion: Mild auditory neural pathology demonstrates impairment in speech recognition and psychoacoustic skills similar to severe cochlear pathology. In sensorineural hearing loss, hearing handicap is predicted from quality of life and speech perception, but none of the contributory factors predicted hearing handicap in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.

Midterm eGFR Predicts Pregnancy Outcomes: An Observational Study

Introduction: The hemodynamic adjustments during pregnancy play a pivotal role in sustaining the gestation, however, its clinical connotation on midterm renal hyperfiltration and its consequence on maternal and fetal outcomes need a greater appraisal. The present retrospective study looked into the midterm estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among pregnant females without overt pieces of evidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a surrogate marker for midterm hyperfiltration and its implication on maternal and fetal outcomes. Materials and methods: All pregnancies among females aged 18–50 years with available pregestational baseline serum creatinine were included in the study. Maternal renal hyperfiltration was expressed as the highest eGFR, using the creatinine clearance method. Its association with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes was assessed. Results: A total of 1,045 pregnancies were assessed during the study. According to midterm eGFR, among them, 65% of pregnancies showed midterm eGFR between 120 and 150, however, 4.3% of pregnancies had values more than 150 mL/min per 1.73 m2 . The risk of poor pregnancy outcome was observed for eGFR levels below and above the reference level of 120–150 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (1.97 for values ?150 mL/min per 1.73 m2 , and 1.72 for 90–120 mL/min per 1.73 m2 ). Pregnancies with eGFR between 60 and 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 had odds ratios (ORs) of 5.64. Conclusion: A distinctive relationship was observed between the midterm eGFR and adverse pregnancy outcomes with the best outcomes for midterm eGFR levels between 120 and 150 mL/min per 1.73 m2 . Despite no apparent functional renal deterioration, a poor maternal hyperfiltration response may play a crucial impact on poor pregnancy outcomes.

Zero Phaco: A new technique for dealing with soft cataracts

Phacoemulsification in soft cataracts can be challenging due to the lack of rigid cleavage planes and the inability to crack. We describe a new phacoemulsification technique for dealing with soft cataracts using high vacuum and zero energy. Following capsulorhexis and hydrodissection, we introduced the phacoemulsification probe, keeping the torsional and longitudinal power at zero. A central groove was created in sculpting mode. We held the nucleus with adequate vacuum in chop mode and divided the nucleus. Then, we rotated and chopped the nucleus similarly into small pieces without using any power. For emulsification, we increased the vacuum to 600 mmHg and then shredded and stuffed the pieces into the phaco probe by the chopper. A newer generation phaco machine with active fluidic system and monitored pressurized infusion helps the surgeon control the intraocular pressure (IOP) and hold the nucleus with vacuum alone, allowing chopping and emulsifying of the pieces without any energy.

Study of Biochemical Profile in Newly Diagnosed Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in North Indian populations- A Tertiary Care Centre Study

Background: Globally 憃ral cancer� is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death. Oral cancer accounts for approximately 30-40% of all cancers in India. The present study was conducted to assess biochemical parameters in newly diagnosed oral cancer. Methods: The present study was conducted to assess biochemical parameters in newly diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma. The study was conducted at GSVM Medical College, Kanpur among 196 newly diagnosed patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 196 healthy individuals. Serum samples from the participants were collected. The data were expressed as mean盨D. Values of p<0.001 were considered significant. Results: The present study was conducted to assess biochemical parameters in newly diagnosed oral cancer. The study was conducted at GSVM Medical College, Kanpur among 196 newly diagnosed patients with oral cancer and 196 healthy individuals. The levels of Random Blood Sugar, Serum Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Bilirubin, Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Serum Protein, Serum Albumin, Serum Creatinine, Serum Sodium, Serum Potassium were increased in cases as compared to controls. The p-value was non-significant for all the biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the levels of Random Blood Sugar, Serum Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, Serum Protein, Serum Albumin, Serum Creatinine, Serum Sodium, Serum Potassium were increased in cases as compared to healthy controls.

A REVIEW ON ECOFRIENDLY POLYMERS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

Eco-friendly polymers are biodegraded by microorganisms, making it easy to transform them into safer, more straightforward forms. These biodegradable materials can be used in a variety of industries, including medicine, agriculture, drug release research, food and medication packaging, and artificial skin grafts. It prevents environmental accumulation and cannot result in pollution of the land, air, or water

MBL PRODUCING P.PENNERI - A MAJOR THREAT TO THE HOSPITAL

Introduction: Proteus spp. has been the signi?cant cause of wound infections as they commonly colonize the wound. Simultaneously multiple drug resistance mechanisms also pose a therapeutic challenge. P.penneri is commonly misidenti?ed as P.mirabilis which is multidrug resistant. The current study was Aim and objectives: conducted to determine the prevalence of MBLs in P.penneri among wound infections at a tertiary care hospital from Western Maharashtra. Specimens collected from wounds of OPD and IPD patients were examined by standard Material and Methods: bacteriological methods. All Proteus isolates were subjected to Antimicrobial susceptibility and MBL production test as per CLSI guidelines. Total 1826 wound samples were screened over the period of May 2017 to July 2018. Overall Results: prevalence of Proteus spp. was 7.12%, P.mirabilis being the commonest. Among all isolates 53.68% and 37.04% of P.mirabilis and P.vulgaris were ESBL producers, respectively. The rate for MBL production was 11.58% and 0% for P.mirabilis and P.vulgaris, respectively. On the contrary 75% of P.penneri isolates were ESBL producers and 12.5% were MBL producers. Discussion and conclusion: Emergence of ESBL and MBL producers is of special concern as Proteus spp. is intrinsically resistant to tigecycline and colistin. Identi?cation of P.penneri from clinical specimens is necessary, due to its multidrug resistance which makes clinical treatment extremely dif?cult. This will limit its control and eradication especially from wound infections as they are common colonizers. Therefore isolation of such beta lactamases producing P.penneri shall be considered as an alarming sign to control the spread of this superbug.