RESUMO
Background: women's empowerment programs during pregnancy focus primarily on increasing women's health goals and psychological empowerment has been considered important in most issues related to pregnant mothers' mental health. Using path analysis, this study aims to examine the direct and indirect components of psychological empowerment of pregnant mothers
Methods: this model-testing study was conducted in Gorgan, northwest of Iran during three months in spring of 2015. Through random cluster sampling, a total number of 160 pregnant women were selected from 10 urban medical centers and clinics as primary centers. We used Spritzer's Psychological empowerment scale. Suitable sampling based on Nunally and Bernstein was followed in the model. The relationships between the dependent variables were then examined by means of path analysis using Amos 18
Results: the psychological empowerment of pregnant mothers [PEPW] model is impacted by individual factors, such as marriage age and employment, including some subjectively rated factors such as marital satisfaction and experience of violence. The PEPW model was deemed appropriate as optimum conditions indicators of goodness of fit; low index of CHI[2]/df shows little difference between the conceptual model and observed data, while RMSEA value indicated the goodness of fit. Other indicators such as CMIN=0.957, CMIN/DF=0.957, P-CLOSE=0.418, CHI[2]=0.957 and probability level=0.328 the fact that the model is ideal. The mothers' employment had the highest coefficient in the PEPW path model .731 [0.443, 0.965] bootstrap confidence intervals by 95%, and with a p-value of less than 0.05
Conclusions: the mothers' employment is the most important factor in psychological empowerment, but it cannot be addressed quickly. Programming to increase marital satisfaction followed by a decrease in family violence and prevention of early marriage are necessary for promotion of psychological empowerment during pregnancy
RESUMO
CuT380A intra uterine device Intra Uterine Device [IUD] is used in the health system of Iran. The most important and frequent side effects of the lUDs are hypermenorrhea and polymenorrhea. In Iran, iron supplement are not prescribed for the IUD users and there are no documents indicating their iron reservation status. This study was performed to determine the iron status in Gorganian IUD users. This historical cohort study was performed on 100 IUD users [exposed group] and 100 non-IUD users [non-exposed group] in the Golestan province in north east of Iran in 2008. To evaluate the iron status hemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS 13 by using Chi square and Independent T-test. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Hgb less than 10.5 was seen in 5% and 6% of IUD users and non-IUD users respectively which was not statistically significant [OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 0.39-5.25]. Low Ferretin Level [less than 15] was seen in 53% of IUD users and in 35% of non-IUD users which was statistically significant [OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.28-4.29] Duration of menstrual period in the two groups was statistically significant [7.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 6.4 +/- 1.8, p= 0.005] but interval of menstruation [days] was not statistically significant [26.7 +/- 4.7 vs. 28 +/- 11.2, p> 0.05]. On the basis of the results obtained we suggest either routine iron supplementation following application of IUD, or use of the hormone releasing IUD as an alternative for copper lUDs