RESUMO
Background: Diabetes mellitus [DM] is one of the most common chronic diseases. It can cause a lot of complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Patients with DM are at risk of having acute attacks of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis as well as hypoglycemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis management is accomplished by the administration of intravenous infusion of regular insulin. Intravenous insulin infusion requires ICU admission in most of institutions, which will increase the hospitals cost [infusion pumps, IV access, nurses]. Accordingly, we have done a literature study to determine whether intermittent subcutaneous use of these rapid-acting analogs might be as effective as intravenous insulin infusions in treating uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis
Objective: In this study, we aimed at evaluating the effect of using short acting insulin in the management of mild to moderate DKA
Methods: PubMed database was used for articles selection, and the following keys were used in the mesh ["Insulin Lispro"[Mesh]] AND ["Diabetic Ketoacidosis/drug therapy"[Mesh] OR "Diabetic Ketoacidosis/therapy"[Mesh]] A total of 13 articles were found, with further restriction by PubMed filters, and reviewing the articles titles and abstracts the final results were 5 articles
Conclusion: Subcutaneous [S/C] Aspart insulin every 2 hours can be as safe and effective as SC Lispro insulin every one hour and as continuous IV insulin infusion in the treatment of mild to moderate uncomplicated cases of DKA. There was no significant statistical difference among the 3 approaches regarding the efficacy, and the mean duration of the treatment period. SC aspart insulin every 2 hours is more economical and fairer type intervention
RESUMO
Background: Dyspnea is defined as the subjective experience of breathing discomfort. It is increasing by age and it is a common problem affecting up to half of patients admitted to acute, tertiary care hospitals and also affecting one quarter of ambulatory patients
Study Objective: to determine the prevalence and risk factors of dyspnea among general population of Arar city, Northern Border Province, Saudi Arabia
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, community-based study. It was conducted on the general population of Arar city during the period from 1[st] October, 2015 to 30[th] June 2016.Data were collected using a predesigned online selfadministered questionnaire covering all the needed items
Results: Dyspnea was reported in 35.2% of the study population. Causes of dyspnea reported in our study were mainly of unknown causes [38.6%], bronchial asthma [23.9%], allergy [22.7%], psychological causes [12.5%], cardiac causes [1.1%], and COPD [1.1%].It was more common among females as 44.8% of females reported dyspnea while it was reported in only 31.7% of males. Our study has also shown that dyspnea was most prevalent among the < 20 age group by ratio as 52.6% of them reported dyspnea. However, 36.1% of subjects aged between 20 and 40 have reported dyspnea. Precipitating causes of dyspnea were found to be mostly due to dust [30.7%], smoking [22.7%], climate changes [14.7%], nervousness [13.6%], specific food/ingested material [11.4%], and excess physical activities [6.8%]. It was also founded in our study that 56.5% of participants with family history of dyspnea suffered from dyspnea. While 72.9% of those who did not have a family history of dyspnea did not suffer any dyspnea
Conclusion: Dyspnea was reported in 35.2% of Arar population. Our study showed that dyspnea was more common among females than males. large scale study with detailed investigations about causes and precipitating factors are required