Prevalence of resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Riyadh and a review of previous reports

Resistance to antituberculosis drugs is an important cause of treatment failure. We evaluated the prevalence and pattern of antituberculosis drug resistance in the central region of Saudi Arabia, and reviewed previous reports from Saudi Arabia. Materials and We retrospectively examined the records of sputum smear and culturepositive pulmonary tuberculosis patients admitted consecutively from 1998 through 1999 in a main referral hospital in Riyadh, and analyzed drug sensitivity reports. We also reviewed previous reports on antituberculosis drug resistance in Saudi Arabia. Of 515 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 80 [15.5%] had resistance to at least one antituberculosis drug. Resistance to streptomycin was most frequent [9.7%], followed by rifampicin [9.5%], isoniazid [4.3%], and ethambutol [0.2%]. Resistance to one antituberculosis drug was found in 8.9%, resistance to two drugs in 5.2%, resistance to three drugs in 1.2%, and resistance to four drugs in 0.2%. Multidrug resistance [defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin] was found in 1.9% of patients. A literature review including 6114 patients in Saudi Arabia showed that resistance against streptomycin was most common [8.8%], followed by rifampicin [8%], and isoniazid [7.2%]. Of the 6114 patients, 6.8% patients were resistant to only one drug, 3.6% were resistant to two drugs, and 3.7% to three drugs. The high prevalence of rifampicin resistance and resistance to multiple drugs in the Riyadh region and in other parts of Saudi Arabia is a major challenge to the control of tuberculosis in this country. Efforts should be made to prevent the emergence of further antituberculosis drug resistance

Lower-lung-field tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

One hundred sixty-one patients were found to have lower-lung tuberculosis in a retrospective study of 1566 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to Sahary Chest Hospital, Riyadh. This represents 10.3% of the total admissions over a period of four years. Lowerlung-filed tuberculosis is more common in females. Twenty-six percent of the patients had previous antitubercular treatment. Sputum conversion took 40.4 days. Average hospital stay was 50 days. Hemoptysis was found in 46% of cases and diabetes mellitus was discovered in 13%. Chest x-ray studies showed right lung involvement in 46% of cases, bilateral involvement in 29%, and left lung involvement in 25% of cases. A cavitary lesions was found in 49%