Acurácia do escore de referência endoscópico para esofagite eosinofílica em crianças / Accuracy of the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score in children

ABSTRACT Background: To assess the efficacy of applying the endoscopic reference score for EoE (EREFS) in children with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction naïve to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing reports and photographs of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGE) and esophageal biopsies of patients with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Patients who were treated with PPI or had other conditions that may cause esophageal eosinophilia were excluded. Results: Of the 2,036 patients evaluated, endoscopic findings of EoE were identified in 248 (12.2%) and more than one abnormality was observed in 167 (8.2%). Among all patients, 154 (7.6%) presented esophageal eosinophilia (≥15 eosinophils per high power field) (P<0.01). In this group, 30 patients (19.5%) had normal endoscopy. In patients with EoE, edema (74% vs 6.5%, P<0.01) and furrows (66.2% vs 2.4%, P<0.01) were more prevalent than in the control group. Association of edema and furrows was more frequent in patients with EoE than in the control group (29.2% vs 1.6%, P<0.01, OR=24.7, CI=15.0-40.5). The presence of more than one endoscopic finding had sensitivity of 80.5%, specificity of 93.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.3%, and accuracy of 92.4%. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that endoscopic features suggestive of EoE had high specificity and NPV for diagnosing EoE in children naïve to PPI therapy. These findings highlight the importance of the EREFS in contributing to early identification of inflammatory and fibrostenosing characteristics of EoE, making it possible to identify and to avoid progression of the disease.

RESUMO Contexto: Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação do escore de referência endoscópico para EoE (EREFS) em crianças com sintomas de disfunção esofágica sem tratamento prévio com inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBP). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional por meio de revisão de laudos e fotos de endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e biópsias de esôfago de pacientes com sintomas de disfunção esofágica. Pacientes tratados com IBP ou com outras condições que podem causar eosinofilia esofágica foram excluídos. Resultados: Dos 2.036 pacientes avaliados, os achados endoscópicos de EoE foram identificados em 248 (12,2%) e mais de uma anormalidade foi observada em 167 (8,2%). Entre todos os pacientes, 154 (7,6%) apresentaram eosinofilia esofágica (≥15 eosinófilos por campo de grande aumento) (P<0,01). Nesse grupo, 30 pacientes (19,5%) apresentaram endoscopia normal. Em pacientes com EoE, edema (74% vs 6,5%, P<0,01) e linhas verticais (66,2% vs 2,4%, P<0,01) foram mais prevalentes quando comparados ao grupo controle. A associação de edema e linhas verticais foi mais frequente em pacientes com EoE do que no grupo controle (29,2% vs 1,6%, P<0,01, OR=24,7, IC=15,0-40,5). A presença de mais de um achado endoscópico teve sensibilidade de 80,5%, especificidade de 93,4%, valor preditivo positivo de 50%, valor preditivo negativo de 98,3% e acurácia de 92,4%. Conclusão: Em conclusão, esse estudo mostrou que as características endoscópicas sugestivas de EoE apresentam especificidade e VPN elevados para o diagnóstico da enfermidade em crianças sem tratamento prévio com IBP. Estes achados reforçam a importância do EREFS em contribuir para a identificação precoce de características inflamatórias e fibroestenosantes, possibilitando identificar e evitar a progressão da doença.

Effects of Aqueous Seed Extracts of Sphenostylis stenocarpa on the Reproductive Indices of Male Rats

Effects of aqueous seed extracts of Sphenostylis stenocarpa on the reproductive indices of male rats were investigated. A total of 104 adult rats were used for the experiment, and were divided into 4 groups (group A – D) and replicated in triplicate. Group A served as the normal control, while groups B, C and D received three graded doses (800mg/kg, 1200mg/kg and 1600mg/kg) of the extracts, respectively, by oral intubation. The gonad characteristics, sperm parameters and hormonal analyses of the male rats were determined using standard procedures. These were ascertained prior to the commencement of treatment, and on weekly basis. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS and R software at 95% confidence interval. An overall dose and time dependent showed significant differences in the mean weekly gonad characteristics of the male rats in the treatment groups when compared with the control. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the body weights of the male rats, but a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the testes weights, gonad somatic index, sperm count and sperm motility in the rats. The gonadal hormone testosterone, responded to the plant extracts, while follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones were largely undetected. There were significant increases in the testosterone levels of all the treated rats. Conclusively, aqueous seed extracts of Sphenostylis stenocarpa seems to possess ability to enhance reproductive health in male rats.

Del Chamanismo al Galenismo: un acercamiento a la curaduría de la nueva sala permanente del museo de la Academia Nacional de Medicina / From Shamanism to Galenism: an approach to the curatorship of the new permanent room of the museum of the National Academy of Medicine

La nueva sala 'Del Chamanismo Al Galenismo' del Museo Ricardo Rueda González inaugurada en noviembre del año 2022, da inicio al museo con el fin de narrar una historia de la medicina desde el contexto local. Aquí se evidencia la experiencia humana compartida del sufrimiento y la esperanza entendidas como enfermedad y tratamiento que fue representada en el mundo prehispánico, durante la colonia y el en siglo XIX.

The new room 'From Shamanism to Galenism' of the Ricardo Rueda González Museum, inaugurated in November 2022, opens the museum with the aim of narrating a history of medicine from the local context. Here the shared human experience of suffering and hope understood as illness and treatment that was represented in the pre-Hispanic world, during the colony and in the 19th century is evidenced.

Early Six-Minute Walk Test May Predict Midterm Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to investigate the ability of the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) as a prognostic marker for midterm clinical outcomes three months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), to identify possible predictors of fall in 6MWD in the early postoperative period, and to establish the percentage fall in early postoperative 6MWD, considering the preoperative baseline as 100%. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients undergoing elective CABG were included. The percentage fall in 6MWD was assessed by the difference between preoperative and postoperative day (POD) five. Clinical outcomes were evaluated three months after hospital discharge. Results: There was a significant decrease in 6MWD on POD5 compared with preoperative baseline values (percentage fall of 32.5±16.5%, P<0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed an independent association of the percentage fall of 6MWD with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of percentage fall in 6MWD to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months was 34.6% (area under the curve = 0.82, sensitivity = 78.95%, specificity = 76.19%, P=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicates that a cutoff value of 34.6% in percentage fall of 6MWD on POD5 was able to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months of follow-up after CABG. Use of CPB and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength were independent predictors of percentage fall of 6MWD in the postoperative period. These findings further support the clinical application of 6MWD and propose an inpatient preventive strategy to guide clinical management over time.

Diversidad y ecología de Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) en el norte de la Orinoquía colombiana / Diversity and ecology of Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) on the north of the Colombian Orinoquía

Resumen Introducción: Los Tephritoidea, como grupo, tienen un impacto ecológico porque se alimentan de hongos, insectos, flores, frutas en descomposición, excrementos, sudor, nódulos de raíces, carroña (incluidos cadáveres humanos) y otros materiales en descomposición. Las moscas de la fruta son insectos de gran importancia en la agricultura y la investigación genética. En Colombia existen 58 géneros y 224 especies, pero no existe un estudio general del grupo en la Orinoquía colombiana. Objetivo: Caracterizar las comunidades de Tephritoidea (aspectos taxonómicos y ecológicos) y aportar información básica de las especies de importancia económica en la Orinoquía colombiana. Métodos: Semanalmente desde agosto 2017 hasta febrero 2018 recolectamos moscas de la fruta en trampas McPhail cebadas con proteína de maíz, en un huerto doméstico y un fragmento de bosque en Arauca, y también en Saravena, Orinoquía, Colombia. Resultados: Identificamos 27 especies (12 Tephritidae, 11 Richardiidae y 4 Lonchaeidae), nueve de ellas plagas agrícolas. Euarestopsis paupera, Hemixantha lutea, Melanoloma affinis, Melanoloma cyanogaster, Melanoloma varians y Sepsisoma anale se reportan por primera vez para Colombia. Se calcularon los índices de diversidad para las comunidades estudiadas, encontrando diferencias entre las localidades y ambiente. Se discute la influencia de las condiciones ambientales sobre la variabilidad encontrada. Se encontraron nueve especies de moscas consideradas como plagas de producciones agrícolas y para estas especies se estudió su relación con plantas hospederas y la dinámica poblacional. Conclusiones: Seis meses de muestreo produjeron varios primeros registros, lo que sugiere que la fauna de Tephritoidea está submuestreada en la región. La temporada de lluvias y las actividades humanas se correlacionan con la diversidad y abundancia de especies en la Orinoquía colombiana.

Abstract Introduction: The Tephritoidea as a group, have an ecological impact because they feed on fungi, insects, flowers, decaying fruit, excrement, sweat, root nodules, carrion (including human corpses), and other decomposing materials. The fruit-flies are insects of great importance in agriculture and genetic research. In Colombia, there are 58 genera and 224 species, but there is no general study of the group in the savannas of Orinoquía. Objective: To characterize the Tephritoidea communities (taxonomic and ecological aspects) and to provide basic information about the economically important species in the Colombian Orinoquía. Methods: Weekly from August 2017 to February 2018 we collected flies from fruits and McPhail traps baited with corn protein, in a domestic orchard and a forest fragment in Arauca, and also in Saravena, Orinoquía, Colombia. Results: We identified 27 species (12 Tephritidae, 11 Richardiidae and 4 Lonchaeidae), nine of them agricultural pests. Euarestopsis paupera, Hemixantha lutea, Melanoloma affinis, Melanoloma cyanogaster, Melanoloma varians and Sepsisoma anale are reported for the first time from Colombia. A diversity index was calculated for studied communities, being differences between localities and sites. Influence of climatic conditions over variability was found and is discussed. Nine species of fruit flies, which are considered agricultural pests, were identified. For these species their relationship with host plants and population dynamics were studied. Conclusions: Six months of sampling produced several first reports, suggesting that the fauna of Tephritoidea is undersampled in the region. The rainy season, and human activities, correlate with species diversity and abundance in the Colombian Orinoquía.

Percepción estética de la sonrisa en pacientes adolescentes / Aesthetic perception of the smile in adolescent patients

RESUMEN Introducción: El atractivo facial y el atractivo de la sonrisa parecen estar irmemente relacionados entre sí. Al ser la boca el centro de la comunicación en la cara, la sonrisa se torna de gran importancia en la expresión facial y la apariencia. Objetivo: Conocer la relación entre la percepción estética de la sonrisa, el sexo y las edades en la adolescencia. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación analítica, transversal en la Clínica «Victoria de Santa Clara», de este propio municipio, desde el año 2017 al 2019. El universo de estudio fueron todos los pacientes de 12 a 25 años que acudieron a la consulta de Ortodoncia en el año 2018. La muestra quedó constituida por 100 pacientes a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, edad, consideraciones individuales de los aspectos estéticos del rostro, influencia de la sonrisa en la vida social, el rostro y los sentimientos. Resultados: Se determinó la percepción estética de los pacientes, teniendo en cuenta en el rostro de una persona, fundamentalmente la sonrisa y los ojos, para emitir juicio de valor sobre la belleza. Conclusiones: Los pacientes expresaron sus consideraciones sobre los aspectos estéticos del rostro. El sexo y los rangos de edades se relacionaron con las variables de la sonrisa estudiadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: facial attractiveness and smile attractiveness seems to be strongly related to each other. Smile becomes of great importance in facial expression and appearance, as the mouth is the center of communication on the face. Objective: to know the relationship among the aesthetic perception of the smile, the gender and age in adolescences. Methods: an analytical, cross-sectional research was carried out at "Victoria de Santa Clara" Clinic, located in the same municipality, from 2017 to 2019. The universe of study was all patients aged 12 to 25 years who come to the Orthodontics consultation in 2018. The sample was made up of 100 patients to whom a questionnaire was applied. Gender, age, individual considerations of the aesthetic aspects of the face, influence of the smile on social life, the face and feelings were the analyzed variables. Results: the aesthetic perception of the patients was determined taking into account the face of a person, mainly the smile and the eyes, to make a value judgment about beauty. Conclusions: the patients expressed their considerations about the aesthetic aspects of the face. Gender and age ranges were related to the smile variables studied.

Importancia del índice de la revista de la Academia Nacional de Medicina / Importance of Magazine index of the National Academy of Medicine

FRAGMENTO. El índice es una herramienta editorial útil y, en muchos casos; imprescindible que tiene sus primeros ejemplos en los códices romanos (codex) en los que se reunían textos de diferentes procedencias, en contraste con el volumen, ejemplar que solía versar en torno a un solo tema o ser de un único autor, para facilitar su consulta. A medida que el libro se fue expandiendo durante el Renacimiento y la Modernidad temprana como mecanismo de comunicación y de transmisión de conocimiento, los índices se consolidaron como parte constitutiva de las obras. En el caso de la revista de la Academia Nacional de Medicina, inicialmente titulada Revista Médica de Bogotá, estamos en el terreno de una publicación periódica seriada que sirvió de órgano de difusión de una sociedad científica, la Sociedad de Medicina y Ciencias Naturales transformada en 1890 en Academia Nacional de Medicina. Las revistas científicas, surgidas en el siglo XVII como resultado de los diversos géneros de intercambio y difusión de noticias científicas (libros, cartas, folletines, diarios, catálogos de libros, entre otros), transformaron la manera en que la ciencia circulaba. La gran mayoría de publicaciones siguieron el modelo del Journal des Sçavans, primera revista científica impresa en Europa, órgano de difusión de la Academia Francesa de Ciencias. Para mediados del siglo XIX, las revistas médicas ­especializadas o no­ se habían expandido gracias al interés mostrado tanto por profesionales del área, como del público general. Esta dinámica generó la aparición en 1879 del Index Medicus ­publicación de la hoy National Library of Medicine de Estados Unidos­, un índice que buscaba enlistar los trabajos publicados en Estados Unidos en el área de la medicina para facilitar su consulta. Esta publicación es considerada como la precursora de herramientas como MEDLINE ­hoy PubMed­.

Índice de la revista de la Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia / Index of the National Academy of Medicine

La revista MEDICINA, desde sus inicios en 1873 hasta nuestros días, permite el acceso a su contenido en texto completo, por ello se percibió la necesidad de elaborar un índice con el contenido total de sus números, para permitir a sus usuarios contar con una herramienta tanto virtual como impresa de lo publicado en esta. Para su versión online podrá acceder a través del siguiente enlace: https://indice.revistamedicina.net/

Adult wilms tumor with extra-axial cerebral extension: Case report and review of literature

@#Wilms tumor is very rare in adults. Even more infrequent is an adult Wilms tumor with an extensioninto the central nervous system.Reported here is a case of an adult Wilms tumor in a 38-year-old female. She was referred to theJRRMMC with a 2 month history of intermittent hematuria associated with a rapidly enlargingabdominal mass and right-sided facial asymmetry. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a largemass inthe rightkidney. CranialMRI showedmultiple brainmetastases. Thepatient underwentrightradicalnephrectomy.Pathologicalanalysisdemonstratednephroblastoma.Thepatientwasdischargedunremarkable and underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. After 2 months, the patient succumbed to thedisease.Adult Wilms tumor presents almost similarly with renal cell carcinoma and there is no definitivediagnostictesttoconfirmitpre-operatively.Eventhoughit’sararetumor,itshouldalwaysbeincludedin the differential diagnosis for any renal tumor.

COVID-19 in the perioperative period of cardiovascular surgery: the brazilian experience

Abstract Introduction: We investigated the clinical course and outcomes of patients submitted to cardiovascular surgery in Brazil and who had developed symptoms/signs of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the perioperative period. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study including 104 patients who were allocated in three groups according to time of positive real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2): group 1, patients who underwent cardiac surgery > 10 days after positive RT-PCR; group 2, patients with a positive RT-PCR within 10 days before or after surgery; group 3, patients who presented positive RT-PCR > 10 days after surgery. The primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes were postoperative complications, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and postoperative days of hospitalization. Results: The three groups were similar with respect to age, the European System of Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score, and comorbidities, except hypertension. Postoperative complications and death were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1, and no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 was seen. Group 2 showed a high prevalence of surgery performed as an urgent procedure. Although no significant differences were observed in ICU length of stay, total postoperative hospitalization time was significantly higher in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: COVID-19 affecting the postoperative period of patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery is associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Delaying procedures in RT-PCR-positive patients may help reduce risks of perioperative complications and death.

Rehabilitación cardíaca en pacientes diabéticos durante la pandemia de COVID-19

RESUMEN El beneficio del ejercicio en la prevención y el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tiene una base sólida de evidencia. La derivación a un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca o fisioterapeuta para un adecuado asesoramiento y prescripción de ejercicios puede servir de apoyo en el proceso de cambio de comportamiento iniciado en entornos de práctica general, para mejorar los resultados del paciente que padece esta enfermedad en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19. La existencia de un sistema de apoyo y educación para el autocontrol de la diabetes mellitus basado en equipos de rehabilitación cardíaca desempeña un papel fundamental para ello, de manera tal que pacientes y médicos logren una estrecha coordinación para lograr el éxito deseado. En este artículo se revisan los diversos aspectos de la atención centrada en el paciente a través de la educación para el autocontrol de esta enfermedad endocrino-metabólica durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT The benefit of exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus has a strong body of evidence. The implementation of a cardiac rehabilitation or physiotherapeutic program for appropriate counseling and exercise prescription may support the behavioral change process initiated in general practice settings. This would ostensibly improve outcomes for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The existence of a support and education system for the self-management of diabetes mellitus based on cardiac rehabilitation teams plays a key role in this regard, so that patients and physicians achieve close coordination to attain the desired success. This article addresses the various aspects of patient-centered care through self-management education for this endocrine-metabolic disease during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hospitalización domiciliaria en niños y adolescentes con necesidades especiales de atención en salud (NANEAS): perspectivas financieras en hospital de alta complejidad, Chile / Home hospitalization in children and youth with special health care needs (cyshcn): financial perspectives in hospital de alta complexidad, Chile

Introducción. La ausencia de hospitalización domiciliaria (HD) de niños y adolescentes con necesidades especiales en salud de alta complejidad (NANEAS) genera hospitalizaciones prolongadas en la atención cerrada (AC). Objetivo: Comparar el gasto estimado de HD de NANEAS de alta complejidad versus costo real del mismo paciente en AC y su impacto en la producción hospitalaria. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y comparativo entre costos de ambas modalidades de hospitalización de NANEAS de alta complejidad. De enero a diciembre 2016 se registraron hospitalizaciones NANEAS no oncológicos del Servicio de Pediatría (SP) según norma del Ministerio de Salud-Chile (MINSAL). Se clasificó para grupos clínicos y consumos similares de recursos según grupos relacionados al diagnóstico (GRD). Para evaluar el impacto en la producción hospitalaria la estancia fue ajustada y se realizó un análisis financiero de ambas modalidades (AC) y (HD). Resultados: De 3690 egresos, 126 (3,4%) se relacionaron a 27 NANEAS, la edad promedio fue 4,6 años (± 5 DS) con dependencias tecnológicas para vivir. La estancia media NANEAS fue 16 días, comparada con 5,9 de los pacientes sin necesidades especiales en salud. Las estancias NANEAS llegaron a 2017 días (8,6%). Prescindir de los egresos NANEAS hubiera aportado 320 egresos adicionales y su HD habría ahorrado US $15/día por paciente, que para el total de estancias consumidas habría sido un ahorro anual de US $ 29 170. Conclusiones: La HD tiene un costo estimado menor a la AC de NANEAS de alta complejidad, mejora la productividad hospitalaria y libera camas críticas con inversión financieramente viable.

Introduction. The absence of home hospitalization (HH) of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) generates prolonged hospitalizations in closed care (CC). Objective: To compare the estimated cost of HH of high complexity CYSHCN versus the actual cost of the same patient in CC and its impact on hospital production. Methods: Descriptive and comparative study between costs of both hospitalization modalities of high complexity CYSHCN. From January to December 2016, non-oncological CYSHCN hospitalizations were registered by the Pediatric Service (PS) according to the Ministry of Health-Chile (MINSAL) norm. It was classified for clinical groups and similar consumption of resources according to groups related to diagnosis (DRG). The stay was adjusted, and financial analysis of both modalities (CC) and (HH) was performed to evaluate the impact on hospital production. Results: Of 3690 discharges, 126 (3.4%) were related to 27 CYSHCN, the average age was 4.6 years (± 5 SD) with technological dependencies to live. The mean CYSHCN stay was 16 days, compared with 5.9 for patients without special health needs. CYSHCN stays reached 2017 days (8.6%). Disregarding the CYSHCN discharges would have contributed 320 additional discharges, and his HH would have saved US $ 15 / day per patient, which for the total number of stays consumed would have been an annual saving of US $ 29170. Conclusion: HH has an estimated cost lower than the CA of high complexity CYSHCN, improves hospital productivity, and frees critical beds with financially viable investment.

The Anaortic Technique with Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Grafting - Filling the Gap in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Abstract Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has consolidated its role as the most effective procedure for treating patients with advanced atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, reducing the long-term risk of myocardial infarction and death compared to other therapies and relieving angina. Despite the recognized benefits afforded by surgical myocardial revascularization, a subset of higher-risk patients bears a more elevated risk of perioperative stroke. Stroke remains the drawback of conventional CABG and has been strongly linked to aortic manipulation (cannulation, cross‐clamping, and side-biting clamping for the performance of proximal aortic anastomoses) and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Adoption of off-pump CABG (OPCAB) is demonstrated to lower the risk of perioperative stroke, as well as reducing the risk of short-term mortality, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, bleeding, and length of intensive care unit stay. However, increased risk persists owing to the need for the tangential ascending aorta clamping to construct the proximal anastomosis. The concept of anaortic (aorta no-touch) OPCAB (anOPCAB) stems from eliminating ascending aorta manipulation, virtually abolishing the risk of embolism caused by aortic wall debris into the brain circulation. The adoption of anOPCAB has been shown to further decrease the risk of postoperative stroke, especially in higher-risk patients, entailing a step forward and a refinement of outcomes provided by the primeval OPCAB technique. Therefore, anOPCAB has been the recommended technique in patients with cerebrovascular disease and/or calcification or atheromatous plaque in the ascending aorta and should be preferred in patients with high-risk factors for neurological damage and stroke.

Ejercicio físico y fibrilación auricular en atletas y en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca: ¿Favorable o perjudicial? / Physical exercise and atrial fibrillation in athletes and heart failure patients: Is it favorable or harmful?

RESUMEN La fibrilación auricular (FA), epidemia esperada en las próximas décadas, es comúnmente causada por la cardiopatía isquémica y la hipertensión arterial, también se asocia con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. El ejercicio físico (EF) se considera una medida que corrige los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y, por tanto, se recomienda en la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y forma parte integral de la rehabilitación cardíaca. Aunque se ha señalado que el EF puede incrementar el riesgo de FA, los beneficios cardiovasculares de la actividad física regular son incuestionables. Se ha comprobado un mejor estado de salud y una mayor expectativa de vida en atletas de resistencia. El EF ligero o moderado protege contra la FA, lo que puede estar asociado a un mejoramiento de las funciones sistólica y diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo, así como a una disminución de la rigidez arterial. La rehabilitación cardíaca con EF, es una indicación aprobada actualmente en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica, con FA o sin ella, la cual está demostrado que incrementa la capacidad funcional y la calidad de vida, así como que reduce la mortalidad general y las hospitalizaciones.

ABSTRACT Atrial fibrillation (AF), an expected epidemic in the coming decades, is commonly caused by ischemic heart disease and high blood pressure, and it is also associated with overweight and obesity. Physical exercise (PE) is considered a way to correct cardiovascular risk factors and it is therefore recommended in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It is also an integral part of cardiac rehabilitation. Although it has been noted that PE can increase the risk of AF, the cardiovascular benefits of regular physical activity are unquestionable. An improved health status and a longer life expectancy have been proven in endurance athletes. Mild or moderate PE protects against AF, which may be associated with an improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, as well as with a decreased arterial stiffness. Cardiac rehabilitation with PE is a currently approved indication in patients with chronic heart failure, with or without AF, which is shown to increase functional capacity and life quality, as well as to reduce overall mortality and hospitalizations.

Nasal lavage cytology and mucosal histopathological alterations in patients with rhinitis / Citologia do lavado nasal e alterações histopatológicas na mucosa nasal de pacientescom rinite

Abstract Introduction The extent of epithelial lesion in allergic and non-allergic rhinitis and its association with inflammatory changes in nasal lavage has not been clarified. Objective To verify the association between the inflammatory cells in the nasal lavage, epithelial lesion extent and basement membrane thickness, in the nasal mucosa of patients with rhinitis; to determine the cutoff point of the percentage of eosinophils in the nasal lavage associated with the atopic patients. Methods Patients with rhinitis and indication for septoplasty and (or) turbinectomy for turbinate hypertrophy were selected, and were submitted to allergy skin tests, nasal lavage with measurement of albumin and interleukin-8 levels, total and differential counting of cells, and mucosal histopathological analysis to determine the extent of epithelial lesion, and degree of basement membrane thickening. Results Fifty-six patients with a median age of 24.5 years and a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (n = 36) and non-allergic rhinitis (n = 20) were studied. In atopic subjects, allergy skin tests were positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in 35 (97.0%) and Lolium perenne in 18 (50.0%). Atopic subjects showed a higher clinical score index of rhinitis compared to non-atopic ones. The total count of cells, neutrophils, and levels of albumin and IL-8 were not different in the nasal lavage of atopic and non-atopic subjects. The cutoff point for eosinophil count in nasal fluid for the distinction between allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis was 4%. Some degree of epithelial lesion was more frequent in allergic rhinitis (94%) than in non-allergic rhinitis (65%) patients. In the presence of basement membrane thickness, as a marker of remodeling, there was no difference in the nasal lavage of patients with allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis. Conclusion In this series, 4% was the cutoff point for the number of eosinophils in the nasal lavage, for atopy differentiation. Upper airway remodeling accessed by basement membrane thickness showed similar inflammatory cell infiltrate in the nasal lavage, regardless of the presence of atopy.

Resumo Introdução A extensão da lesão epitelial na rinite alérgica e não alérgica e sua associação com alterações inflamatórias no lavado nasal ainda não estão esclarecidas. Objetivo Verificar a relação entre o processo inflamatório no lavado nasal, extensão da lesão epitelial e espessamento da membrana basal na mucosa nasal de pacientes com rinite; determinar o ponto de corte do percentual de eosinófilos no lavado nasal associado à presença de atopia. Método Foram selecionados pacientes com rinite e indicação de septoplastia e (ou) turbinectomia por hipertrofia de conchas nasais, os quais foram submetidos aos testes cutâneos alérgicos, lavado nasal com determinação das concentrações de albumina, interleucina-8 (IL-8), contagem total e diferencial de células, análise da extensão da lesão epitelial, e grau de espessamento da membrana basal por meio de histopatologia da mucosa. Resultado Foram estudados 56 pacientes, mediana de 24,5 anos com diagnóstico de rinite alérgica (n = 36) e rinite não alérgica (n = 20). Nos atópicos os testes cutâneos alérgicos foram positivos para D. pteronyssinus em 35 (97,0%) e L. perenne em 18 (50,0%). Atópicos apresentaram maior índice de escore clínico para rinite em comparação a não atópicos. A contagem total de células, neutrófilos e níveis de albumina e IL-8 não foi diferente entre o lavado nasal de atópicos e não atópicos. O ponto de corte da contagem de eosinófilos no fluido nasal para a distinção de rinite alérgica e rinite não alérgica foi de 4%. Algum grau de lesão epitelial foi mais frequente em pacientes com rinite alérgica (94%) do que em pacientes com rinite não alérgica (65%). Na presença de espessamento da membrana basal, como marcador de remodelamento, não houve diferença no lavado nasal entre pacientes com rinite alérgica e não alérgica. Conclusão Nesta casuística, 4% foi o ponto de corte do número de eosinófilos no lavado nasal, para diferenciação de atopia. Remodelamento da via aérea superior pelo espessamento da membrana basal revelou infiltrado semelhante de células inflamatórias no lavado nasal, independentemente da presença de atopia.

Guia prático de abordagem da criança e do adolescente com asma grave: Documento conjunto da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Practical guide to approaching children and adolescents with severe asthma: a joint document of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology and the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics

Asma grave é a asma que requer tratamento com altas doses de corticosteroide inalado associado a um segundo medicamento de controle (e/ou corticosteroide sistêmico) para impedir que se torne "descontrolada" ou permaneça "descontrolada" apesar do tratamento. Asma grave é considerada um subtipo de asma de difícil tratamento. A prevalência em crianças evidenciada pelo International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood variou entre 3,8% e 6,9%. Existem diversos instrumentos para avaliação subjetiva, como diários de sintomas e questionários, bem como para avaliação objetiva com função pulmonar e avaliação da inflamação por escarro induzido, ou óxido nítrico exalado. A abordagem terapêutica varia desde doses altas de corticosteroide inalado e/ou oral, broncodilatadores de longa duração, antaganonistas de receptores muscarínicos, até os mais recentes imunobiológicos que bloqueiam a IgE ou IL-5.

Severe asthma is asthma that requires treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids in combination with a second control drug (and/or a systemic corticosteroid) to prevent it from becoming "uncontrolled" or remaining "uncontrolled" despite treatment. Severe asthma is considered a difficult-to-treat asthma subtype. The prevalence in children found by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ranged from 3.8% to 6.9%. There are several instruments for subjective assessment, such as symptom diaries and questionnaires, as well as for objective assessment, including pulmonary function testing and evaluation of inflammation by induced sputum or exhaled nitric oxide. The therapeutic approach includes high doses of inhaled and/or oral corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and the latest biologics that block IgE or IL-5.

Maternal knowledge on infant feeding in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil / Conhecimento materno sobre alimentação infantil em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil

Abtract Objectives: to describe the knowledge of infant feeding on breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary feeding among mothers of children under one-year-old in São Luís, MA. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study using a single questionnaire, standardized by trained interviewers, who visited all the residents in 20 communities chosen by convenience. This questionnaire searched for socioeconomic, demographic information, care received during pregnancy, and the knowledge about infant feeding. The analysis was performed through the creation of knowledge scores, frequency listing, central tendency and dispersion measurements. Results: among the 709 interviewees, 53.5% presented satisfactory knowledge. The score on the percentage mean of knowledge on infant feeding was 66.7%. The specific score on the introduction of complementary feeding was 60.7% and breastfeeding was71.4%. The benefits of breastfeeding for the babies were better known than the advantages it confers on mothers. The worst result was related to porridge preparation,(13.5%). Conclusion: the proportion of mothers who did not know about the basic teachings of infant feeding is high. This can lead to reduce exclusive breastfeeding time, increase rates of improper introduction of food and drink, and in favor early weaning.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever o conhecimento em alimentação infantil sobre aleitamento materno e introdução da alimentação complementar entre mães de menores de um ano em São Luís, MA. Métodos: estudo descritivo transversal com aplicação de questionário único, padronizado por entrevistadoras treinadas, que visitaram todos os domicílios de 20 comunidades escolhidas por conveniência. Este questionário buscava informações socioe-conômicas, demográficas, assistência recebida durante a gestação e sobre conhecimento em alimentação infantil. A análise consistiu da montagem de escores do conhecimento, listagem de frequências e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Resultados: dentre as 709 entrevistadas, 53,5% apresentaram conhecimento satisfatório. A média em percentual de acertos do escore do conhecimento em alimentação infantil foi de 66,7%. O escore específico da introdução alimentar obteve 60,7% e o do aleitamento materno 71,4%. Os benefícios da amamentação para os bebês foram mais conhecidos do que as vantagens que esta confere às mães. O pior resultado esteve relacionado ao preparo de papas (13,5%). Conclusões: é elevada a proporção de mães que desconhece ensinamentos básicos sobre alimentação infantil. Isto pode levar à redução do tempo de aleitamento exclusivo, aumentar as taxas de introdução inadequada de alimentos e bebidas e favorecer o desmame precoce.