Effectiveness of community and school-based sanitation interventions in improving latrine coverage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled interventions

INTRODUCTION@#Approximately 1000 children die each year due to preventable water and sanitation-related diarrheal diseases. Six in 10 people lacked access to safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015. Numerous community- and school-based approaches have been implemented to eradicate open defecation practices, promote latrine ownership, improve situation sanitation, and reduce waterborne disease.@*OBJECTIVE@#Given that current evidence for sanitation interventions seem promising, the aim of this study was to systematically summarize existing research on the effectiveness of community- and school-based randomized controlled sanitation intervention in improving (1) free open defecation (safe feces disposal), (2) latrine usage, (3) latrine coverage or access, and (4) improved latrine coverage or access.@*METHODS@#Eight electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, WHO Global Health Library (GHL), Virtual Health Library (VHL), POPLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to 26 April 2019. Original randomized clinical trials addressing community-based or school-based intervention that reported feces disposal and latrine coverage were deemed eligible. More than two researchers independently contributed to screening of papers, data extraction, and bias assessment. We conducted a meta-analysis by random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool.@*RESULTS@#Eighteen papers that matched all criteria and 16 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Compared to the control, the sanitation intervention significantly increased safe feces disposal (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.51-3.19, p < 0.05, I@*CONCLUSION@#Our study showed strong evidence for both community- and school-based sanitation interventions as effective for the safe disposal of human excreta. The finding suggests major implications for health policy and design of future intervention in developing countries.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Archidendron clypearia (Jack.) I.C. Nielsen: Results from systematic screening of Vietnamese medicinal plants

OBJECTIVE@#To screen Vietnamese medicinal plants for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and to isolate XO inhibitor(s) from the most active plant.@*METHODS@#The plants materials were extracted by methanol. The active plant materials were fractionated using different organic solvents, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Bioassay-guided fractionation and column chromatography were used to isolate compounds. The compounds structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data, including IR, MS, and NMR.@*RESULTS@#Three hundreds and eleven methanol extracts (CME) belonging to 301 Vietnamese herbs were screened for XO inhibitory activity. Among these plants, 57 extracts displayed XO inhibitory activity at 100 μg/mL with inhibition rates of over 50%. The extracts of Archidendron clypearia (A. clypearia), Smilax poilanei, Linociera ramiflora and Passiflora foetida exhibited the greatest potency with IC values below 30 μg/mL. Chemical study performed on the extract of A. clypearia resulted in the isolation of six compounds, including 1-octacosanol, docosenoic acid, daucosterol, methyl gallate, quercitrin and (-)-7-O-galloyltricetiflavan. The compound (-)-7-O-galloyltricetiflavan showed the most potent XO inhibitory activity with an IC value of 25.5 μmol/L.@*CONCLUSIONS@#From this investigation, four Vietnamese medicinal plants were identified to have XO inhibitory effects with IC values of the methanol extracts below 30 μg/mL. Compound (-)-7-O- galloyltricetiflavan was identified as an XO inhibitor from A. clypearia with IC value of 25.5 μmol/L.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Archidendron clypearia (Jack.) I.C. Nielsen: Results from systematic screening of Vietnamese medicinal plants

Objective To screen Vietnamese medicinal plants for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and to isolate XO inhibitor(s) from the most active plant. Methods The plants materials were extracted by methanol. The active plant materials were fractionated using different organic solvents, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Bioassay-guided fractionation and column chromatography were used to isolate compounds. The compounds structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data, including IR, MS, and NMR. Results Three hundreds and eleven methanol extracts (CME) belonging to 301 Vietnamese herbs were screened for XO inhibitory activity. Among these plants, 57 extracts displayed XO inhibitory activity at 100 μg/mL with inhibition rates of over 50%. The extracts of Archidendron clypearia (A. clypearia), Smilax poilanei, Linociera ramiflora and Passiflora foetida exhibited the greatest potency with IC

Brief synthetic method of (N-bis(2-acyloxyethyl)-amino)-acetic acid. Application in synthesis of camptothecin-clorambucil complex utilized in the treatment of cancer

Study on synthesis of [bis(2-acyloxyethyl)-amino]-acetic acid derivatives vat by synthetic method at solid phase and applying this method to synthesize a compound between camptothecin and clorambucil. Result: camptothecin - clorambucil CPT-2CLR compound were synthesized successfully by camptothecin esterification reaction with 2 (acid[bis(2-acyloxyethyl)-amino]-acetic). The [bis(2-acyloxyethyl)-amino]-acetic acid was synthesized simply and conveniently only by three-step on solid phase from bromoacetic trityl resin, diethanolamin and clorambucil. Attained productivity started from resin was 88%. This method may be applied in the synthesis of similar prodrugs and/or twin drugs

Study on synthesis and measure biological effects of some fluconazole derivatives

Fluconazol has been used as an effective antifungal drug for decades. However, increasing drug resistance make it becoming ineffective against many fungal strains. In search for new antifungal agents we have designed and synthesized eight derivatives of fluconazol, in which the hydroxy group of fluconazol was replaced by different functional groups, including halogens [Br (4a), Cl (4b), F (4c)}, azide (4d), cyanide (4e), carboxyl (4f), thiol (4g), and methanesulfonate (4h). Halogenated fluconazol derivatives (4a-4c) showed considerable antifungal activity against three fungal strains tested (C. albicans, A. niger, A. neoformans) with MIC values ranging from 139 to 552 mg/ml. Replacement of the -OH in fluconazol by bulkier groups like azide, cyanide, carboxyl, or methanesulfonate led to decrease or loss of antifungal activity. Exceptionally, however, a thiol derivative 4g (assigned UR/10289) exhibited very potent activity against all fungi tested, including two fluconazol-resistant strains (C. albicans, A. niger). This compound has been chosen as a candidate for further preclinical development by Parma Co. Ltd. (USA)