RESUMO
Abstract Among fruits and fruit products, oranges and orange juice are the most widely consumed worldwide. However, the effects of pest infestation of oranges on the quality of orange juice are not yet known. To evaluate the effect of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice, we measured changes in the vitamin C (Vc) concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after the introduction of fruit fly eggs. Ten days after the eggs were introduced (larvae removed), the concentration of Vc in orange juice was 18.65 µg/mL, which was 9.16 µg/mL lower than that measured in healthy orange juice. In addition, the total phenol content decreased by 46.519 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g to 9.748 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging activity decreased from 22.297% to 5.393%. Correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between Vc concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after B. dorsalis infestation. The decrease in Vc concentration, total phenol content and free-radical scavenging activity indicated that B. dorsalis changed the quality of orange juice by affecting the antioxidant activity of the juice after the oranges were infested.
Resumo Entre frutas e produtos de frutas, as laranjas e suco de laranja são os mais consumidos em todo o mundo. No entanto, os efeitos da infestação de laranjas sobre a qualidade do suco de laranja ainda não são conhecidos. Para avaliar o efeito da mosca-das-frutas oriental, Bactrocera dorsalis, sobre a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja, foram medidas as mudanças na concentração de vitamina C (Vc), no teor de fenol total e na atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a introdução de ovos da mosca-das-frutas oriental. Dez dias após a introdução dos ovos (larvas removidas), a concentração de Vc no suco de laranja foi de 18,65 µg/mL, que foi 9,16 µg/mL menor do que a medida em suco de laranja saudável. Além disso, o teor total de fenol diminuiu de 46,519 mg em equivalente de ácido gípico (GAE)/g para 9,748 mg de GAE/g. Ademais, a atividade de eliminação de radicais livres diminuiu de 22,297% para 5,393%. A análise de correlação indicou correlações significativas dentre a concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a infestação por B. dorsalis. A diminuição na concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade sequestradora de radicais livres indicaram que B. dorsalis alterou a qualidade do suco de laranja, afetando a atividade antioxidante do suco após a infestação das laranjas.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Tephritidae , Citrus sinensis , Oviposição , Frutas , AntioxidantesRESUMO
Abstract Among fruits and fruit products, oranges and orange juice are the most widely consumed worldwide. However, the effects of pest infestation of oranges on the quality of orange juice are not yet known. To evaluate the effect of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice, we measured changes in the vitamin C (Vc) concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after the introduction of fruit fly eggs. Ten days after the eggs were introduced (larvae removed), the concentration of Vc in orange juice was 18.65 µg/mL, which was 9.16 µg/mL lower than that measured in healthy orange juice. In addition, the total phenol content decreased by 46.519 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g to 9.748 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging activity decreased from 22.297% to 5.393%. Correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between Vc concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after B. dorsalis infestation. The decrease in Vc concentration, total phenol content and free-radical scavenging activity indicated that B. dorsalis changed the quality of orange juice by affecting the antioxidant activity of the juice after the oranges were infested.
Resumo Entre frutas e produtos de frutas, as laranjas e suco de laranja são os mais consumidos em todo o mundo. No entanto, os efeitos da infestação de laranjas sobre a qualidade do suco de laranja ainda não são conhecidos. Para avaliar o efeito da mosca-das-frutas oriental, Bactrocera dorsalis, sobre a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja, foram medidas as mudanças na concentração de vitamina C (Vc), no teor de fenol total e na atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a introdução de ovos da mosca-das-frutas oriental. Dez dias após a introdução dos ovos (larvas removidas), a concentração de Vc no suco de laranja foi de 18,65 µg/mL, que foi 9,16 µg/mL menor do que a medida em suco de laranja saudável. Além disso, o teor total de fenol diminuiu de 46,519 mg em equivalente de ácido gípico (GAE)/g para 9,748 mg de GAE/g. Ademais, a atividade de eliminação de radicais livres diminuiu de 22,297% para 5,393%. A análise de correlação indicou correlações significativas dentre a concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a infestação por B. dorsalis. A diminuição na concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade sequestradora de radicais livres indicaram que B. dorsalis alterou a qualidade do suco de laranja, afetando a atividade antioxidante do suco após a infestação das laranjas.
RESUMO
Background: There are various methods of processing adipose tissue before culture, depending on the adipose tissue samples. The aim of this study is to compare several modifications of culturing and sub-culturing procedures of adipose tissue to fit the condition in our laboratory. Method: This is a descriptive study that was done in the Immunology and Endocrinology Integrated Laboratory, University of Indonesia, from October 2009 to April 2010. Three adipose tissue processing procedures, various amount of seeding and two subculture methods were compared in term of cell yield and time needed. In the first procedure, collagenase-1 digestion was done in 30minutes, cell seeding were 24,000 and 36,000 per flask; in the second procedure, collagenase-1 digestion was done in 60minutes, cell seeding were 24,000, 48,000, and 72,000 per flask; and in the third procedure, the adipose tissue remnants from the first procedure were again digested for another 45 minutes, cell seeding were 74,000, and 148,000 per flask. Difference in subculture methods were the presence or absence of washing step. Result: Procedure 1 yielded the lowest amount of cell, and after culture, the cells grew very slow, and was contaminated before harvest of primary culture. Procedure-2 and -3 succeeded to yield primary cultures. Some of the cultures were contaminated, so that further subculture was not applicable, and only one tissue processing procedure (procedure 2: 60 minute collagenase-1 digestion, without lysis buffer, cell seeding 48,000 and 72,000) could complete the three subcultures. Though some of the procedures could not be completed, final result could be concluded. Conclusion: In this preliminary study, 60 minute colagenase-1 digestion with intermittent shaking every 5 minutes and cell seeding around 50,000 or more, followed by subculture method without washing step gave the best result.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo , Técnicas de Cultura de CélulasRESUMO
Aim To develop a simple spot method to attach cultured cells in suspension on to a glass slide. Methods We compared three approaches using both conventional and special glass slide (Shandon-Polysin)., either without additional fetal bovine serum (FBS), or with addition of 3 or 10 μl of FBS to a 20 μl sample (altogether there were six approaches). The slides were examined qualitatively for the background color, boundary color and intactness, and whether there were folded and detached parts. Further, for each slide, the attached intact cells were counted, and the percentage of attached intact cells per number of spotted cells was calculated. The difference in attach intact cells between different approaches was analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 13.0 for windows. Results There were no significant difference in the percentage of attached intact cells between the six approaches (P= 0.804), though the approach using special glass slide without additional FBS (FBS final concentration 5%) yield the highest percentage of attached intact cells, showed clean background without folded parts. Conclusions We have developed a simple spot method for cultured cell suspension, and the best approach to make spot specimen is using special glass slide with 5% FBS in the cell suspension.