Level of empowerment of women

To investigate the level of empowerment of women in accordance with human rights. A cross-sectional study. Residence Colony of Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad. Period: August-September 2007. There were 600 houses and 6 Blocks A, B, C, D, E and F in the colony. By Simple random sampling 10 houses were taken from each Block by drawing lots. Sixty married womens between the age of 25 -45 years [One from each house] were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The mean age of the respondents was 37.2 years. Among the total 60 [100%] women, 16 [26.6%] were illiterate, while 44 [73.3%] had primary education and above. Only 10 [22.2%] out of 44 educated women had graduate and above degree. Thirty-eight [63.3%] women had the opportunity to use the reproductive health services and family planning, while 22 [36.6%] could not utilize the family planning methods. A total of 40 [66.6%] women had good nutritional status, while 20 [33.3%] had imbalances in nutrition. Nineteen [31.6%] women were doing jobs in different public and private institutions, while 41[68.3%] had not got opportunity for jobs. Thirty-three [55%] women had monthly income less than Rs.10,000/- per month and 27[45%] had Rs.10,000/- and above. Forty [66.6%] women were given importance and active participation in decision making, in children marriages, house-hold and in political process [vote casting] at all levels, while 20[33.3%] were not given importance in decision making of above matters. Forty -three [71.6%] woman were given their right of inheritance / property. Fourteen [23.3%] women were forced to wear veil while going out of house. Forty [66.6%] woman admitted to have suffered from violence either psychological, physical or sexual in their life. Safe drinking water supply was available to 30 [50%] women, however sewage disposal, toilet facilities with in house were available to majority of the respondents. Atotal of 40 [66.6%] women were over all empowered. Women do have human rights as well. The results obtained from this study are encouraging but not up to the standards of International Human rights Principles, which are universal, inalienable; indivisible; interdependent and interrelated

Chronic renal failure; association of diabetes mellitus

To find the effect of diabetes mellitus on the development of Chronic renal failure [CRF]. Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. From May 2008 to June 2008. Forty-Five patients of CRF were selected for study by convenient method technique from admitted patients in dialysis unit of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. In our study, out of 45 patients of CRF, 25 [55.6%] were found to be diabetic. The effect of diabetes on the development CRF was highest in age group of 71-85 years that was 100%. In this study diabetes mellitus was found to be more prevalent among married CRF patients [62%] as compared to unmarried patients among whom it was [17%]. Among the male CRF patients 54% were diabetic, while among the female CRF patients 57% were diabetic. Percentage of CAF patients having diabetes mellitus was 55.6%. From the above results it is concluded that effect of diabetes mellitus on the development of CRF increases with age. Diabetes mellitus was found to be more prevalent among female CRF patients and also among the married CRF patients. The development of Chronic renal failure can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus