Job satisfaction of physicians and teachers; regular verses contract basis jobs

Objectives: To determine the level of job satisfaction of physicians and teachers having regular jobs and those having contract based jobs and to compare level of job satisfaction between these types of jobs and between the two professions

Study design: Cross sectional study

Duration and place of study: This study was conducted with teachers and physicians recruited at different schools, colleges and hospitals of Faisalabad in six months from October, 2008 to March 2009

Subjects and methods: A sample of 200 participants, 100 physicians [50 regular and 50 on contract basis] from public hospitals and 100 teachers [50 regular and 50 on contract] from public schools and colleges was drawn through purposive convenient sampling technique

Result: In overall profession wise analysis teachers scored higher on job satisfaction scale [m=131.98] than physicians [m=126.98]. Personals having regular jobs had lower job satisfaction [m=128.52] than professionals have contract jobs [m=130.45]

Conclusion: Contract based jobs carry higher levels of job satisfaction for employees than the regular based jobs

Association of HIV with drug dependence; socio-demographic characteristics of substance abusers inclusive of HIV positive admitted in model drug abuse and treatment center, DHQ hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan

This study was undertaken with an objective of collecting basic data to assess the extent and variety of drug abuse in patients presenting to the model drug abuse and treatment center, DHQ hospital, Fsd as per social and demographic circumstances. cross sectional study. The study was conducted in the indoor Department of Model Drug Abuse Treatment Center of Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad from Jan-2014 to March-2014. 80 patients dependent on different drugs participated in this study through purposive convenient sampling technique. Personal, Social, and Demographic variables were recorded on a demographic sheet. The results were obtained by using SPSS 17. Descriptive statistics showed that 31 patients [38.8%] were HIV positive. Most of the patients were males [97.5 %], between 30 to 35 years of age [28.8%], married [61.3%], lived in urban areas [55%], illiterate [32.5%], had primary level education [21.3%], or middle level education [22.5%]. 51.3 % patients were laborers. As illiteracy, low education, unemployment, labor as profession, and peer pressure are the key features of drug abusers. So, parents, health professionals, and state personals should take these as risk factors and focus upon these population segments to spread awareness and take measures of control to minimize the incidence of substance abuse

Personality traits of the adjusted and maladjusted medical students in punjab medical college, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Objective: The study was designed to examine the association between the personality traits and adjustment level of medical students

Method: 190 medical students from Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad participated in this study through purposive convenient sampling technique. Personality traits were measured through Gordon Personal Inventory [GPI] and Gordon Personal Profile [GPP], while adjustment and mal adjustment was assessed through Rotter's Incomplete Sentences Blanks [RISB]. The results were obtained through chi square statistics on SPSS version 17

Results: Results showed that out of 190 medical students 173 students [91%] were well adjusted. While 17 students [9%] obtained RISB scores above the cutoff point hence they were labeled as mal adjusted. Hypothesis testing with Chi square test has shown statistically significant differences in the scores on the trait of responsibility, cautiousness, personal relationship and vigor among adjusted and mal adjusted medical students. Mal adjusted students were seen associated with below average scores on all previously mentioned traits

Conclusion: The traits of responsibility, cautiousness, personal relationship and vigor are crucial for the adjustment in the society. So the parents and teachers should play their part in improving the fabric of the society by the means of building and emphasizing upon the sense of responsibility, cautious behavior, balance in personal relationships, and vigor in daily tasks among their children and students so that they may become well-adjusted in the society

Socio demographics of drug dependents

Objective: The study was designed to examine the split up of social and demographic variables of drug dependent patients approaching the hospital for treatment so that the risk factors may be determined

Study design: cross sectional study

Place and duration of study: The study was conducted indoor patients Drug Abuse Treatment Center of Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad from Jan-2007 to July-2008

Method: 588 patients dependent on different drugs participated in this study through purposive convenient sampling technique. Personal, Social, and Demographic variables were recorded on a demographic sheet. The results were obtained by using SPSS 17

Results: Descriptive statistics show that out of 588, 584 patients [99.2%] were males, 64.8% were between 20 to 35 years of age. 360 [61.1%] were married, while 451 [76.6%] lived in their own houses. 374 patients [83.7%] belonged to the lower or lower middle socio economic status, 242 patients [41.1%] were illiterate, 125 patients [21.2%] had primary level education, and 102 [17.3%] had middle level education. 283 [48.1%] patients were laborers [half were skilled] while 100 patients [17%] were unemployed. 410 patients [69.6%] used heroin, 259 [44%] used cannabis, while 162 [27.5%] patients were poly drug abusers. 430 [74%] patients told peer pressures to be the reason of first drug abuse

Conclusion: As illiteracy, low education, unemployment, labor as profession, and peer pressure are the key features of drug abusers so parents, health professionals, and policy makers should take these as risk factors and focus upon these population segments to spread awareness and take measures of control

Gender differences in test anxiety and examination stress

To assess and compare the level of test anxiety and examination stress among males and females university students. Cross sectional study. The study was conducted in the Department of Sociology and Business Administration, University of The Punjab, New campus, Lahore from June to August 2005. 100 students of sociology and business administration [50 male, 50 female] were approached 3 to 7 days before their final exams through purposive convenient sampling technique. Female students experience significantly higher level of test anxiety, t [98] = 3.83, p < 0.05, Worry, t [98] = 2.458, p < 0.05, Emotionality, t [98] = 4.47, p < 0.05 and Examination stress, t [98] = 2.01, p < 0.05 as compared to male students. In addition, female students reported a significantly higher level of need for family support as compared to male students, t [98] = -3.623, p < 0.05. Female Masters' students are needed to pay more attention on controlling their level of test anxiety, worry, emotionality and examination stress than male students, which could be done through training them. Bearing in mind the gender differences in test anxiety and examination stress different kinds of counseling strategies must be used for males and females

relationship between the characteristics of mentallyretarded persons and the quality of life perception oftheir parents

Objective: The study was designed to assess thelevel of quality of life [QOL] in the parents ofindividuals with mental retardation [MR] and itsrelationship with the characteristics of the sufferingindividuals

Study Design: Quasi experimentalresearch design

Place: The study was carried out inthe Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, Allied/DHQ Hospitals, PMC Faisalabad,Almasoom center Faisalabad and Amine Maktabspecial institute for mentally retarded childrenLahore

Duration of the study: The study wasconducted during July 2007 to December 2007

Method: 98 mothers and 91 fathers of mentallyretarded individuals from public Hospitals andcenters for mentally retarded children in Faisalabadand Lahore participated in this study throughpurposive convenient sampling technique. Qualityof life was measured by WHO QOL-BREF[Validated Urdu Version] while demographicvariables were recorded on a demographic sheet.The results were obtained by using analysis ofvariance [ANOVA] on SPSS 13

Results: Mothershad scored higher on QOL environment domainwhen their MR Child had the ability to dojudgments in daily living, F [1, 97] = 4.640, p < .05.Fathers of the MR persons who can reason havescored higher on this domain [M = 16.105] than thefathers of the MR persons who can not reason [M =13.694], F [1, 90] = 6.692, p < .05. ANOVA showeddifferences in the QOL scores of the fathers onpsychological, F [1, 90] = 4.819, p < .05, socialrelationships, F [1, 90] = 5.174, p < .05 andenvironment domain, F [1, 90] = 5.320, p < .05depending upon the ability of MR person to travelpublic transport; independent sample t test producedenough evidence to establish the effects on all fourdomains of QOL

Conclusion: In the face of theevidence of high deterioration in quality of life ofthe parents in absence of judgments to daily living,reasoning, and ability to travel public transport, it isto be communicated to parents and teachers of MRpersons to pay more attention on the training ofthese skills. Further more physicians, psychiatrists,other health care professionals and members of thefamily are to be sensitized in identifying thisdisturbance in the quality of life perception in orderto take measures against it so that familyfunctioning may not be disturbed

Self esteem and psychosocial factors associated with juvenile delinquency

Objectives: The study was designed to assess the level of self Esteem of juvenile delinquents and to find the psychosocial factors associated with delinquency

Study Design: Cross sectional study

Duration and Place of Study: This study was conducted in Borstal jail of Faisalabad, Pakistan during a period of three months from February, 2008 to April, 2008

Subjects and Methods: A sample of 100 male juvenile delinquents was drawn from Borstal jail Faisalabad through Purposive Convenient Sampling technique. Data were collected from participants by using informed consent with the permission of the jail authorities

Result: In the over all picture of the data 56 [56%] of the total sample reported low self esteem. Mean of delinquents labeled as having low self esteem could only reach 13.46 on Rosenberg self esteem scale. High frequency of delinquent behavior was related to feeling of revenge with the mean of 6.00 and high frequency was also associated with love affairs with the mean of 2.80 in delinquents with low self esteem

Conclusion: Research findings concluded that low self-esteem, revenge and lack of supportive relationships are associated with delinquency

Psychiatric co morbidity in medical patients

To assess the rate of anxiety and depression in the patients suffering from various medical diseases. Cross sectional study. The study was conducted in District Headquarter Hospital and Allied Hospital, Faisalabad from 2005 to 2007. Participants were inducted in the study through purposive convenient sampling technique, 339 patients of cardiac, cancer, hepatic, and dermatological diseases from both the above mentioned hospitals participated in this study. Co morbidity of psychiatric disorders was screened out with the help of DSM IV TR's criteria for depression and generalized anxiety. Anxiety [n=32, 9.43%] was the major diagnosis in age group 40-49 and depression [n=31, 9.14%] in age group 50-59. All the diagnosis i.e., anxiety [n=30, 8.84%], depression [n=51, 15.04%] and both anxiety and depression [n=25, 7.37%] were common in illiterate patients. Anxiety [n=37, 10.91%] and depression [n=57, 16.81%] was found more in housewives. All the diagnosis i.e., anxiety [n=77, 22.71%], depression [n=93, 27.43%] and both anxiety and depression [n=45, 13.27%] were common in married patients. Anxiety [n=54, 15.92%] was common in hepatic patients and cardiac patients were having highest share of depression [n=51, 15.04%] and both anxiety and depression [n=32, 9.43%]. Most cardiac patients were depressed; most hepatic patients were anxious; almost half of cancer patients were both anxious and depressed; while majority of dermatological were having no psychiatric illness

Anxiety and depressive disorders as psychiatric co-morbidity in hepatic diseases

The study was designed to assess the co morbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders in the patients suffering from various hepatic diseases and to examine the split up of patients as per age, gender, marital status, family type, residence, occupation, income and type of hepatic disease diagnosis. Cross sectional study. The study was conduced from September 2007 to November 2007 in liver center DHQ hospital Faisalabad. 102 patients with different hepatic diseases participated in it through purposive convenient sampling technique. To diagnose the patients with anxiety and depression, the diagnostic criteria of DSM IV TR were employed while demographic variables were recorded on a demographic sheet. Results showed that anxiety and depressive disorders were found 88.2% co morbid in all hepatic patients. These psychiatric disorders were more frequently found in urban areas [57.63% anxiety and 37.3% depression] where as it was lesser in joint families [45.94% anxiety and 32.43% depression] and service personals [42.11% anxiety and 26.32% depression]. The proportion of the patients diagnosed with depression was higher in females and elderly, while it was lower in educated class. As the Psychiatric co morbidity especially anxiety and depressive disorders in patients suffering from hepatic disorders is so frequent hence the doctors dealing with such patients should be better trained in assessment and management of these disorders