Nested-PCR using MPB64 fragment improves the diagnosis of pleural and meningeal tuberculosis

O Mycobacterium tuberculosis é raramente encontrado em fluidos como o líquido pleural e o cerebroespinhal, tornando estas localizaçöes de difícil diagnóstico. Apresentamos nossa experiência com uma técnica de PCR aplicada a líquido pleural e cerebroespinhal com o uso do primer MPB64. Sessenta e três espécimes foram analisados: 30 líquidos pleurais (PF), 26 biópsias pleurais (PB) e 17 líquidos cerebroespinhais (CSF). O gold standard para o diagnóstico de meningite tuberculosa foi a cultura positiva para M. tuberculosis no CSF: Tuberculose pleural era diagnosticada quando culturas do PF e/ou PB eram positivas para M. tuberculosis, ou a histologia da PB mostrava granulomas. Nossos resultados, comparados aos gold standards empregados, mostram sensitividade de 70 por cento, especificidade de 88 por cento, valor preditivo positivo de 82 por cento e valor preditivo negativo de 80 por cento. A elevada especificidade e boa sensibilidade do fragmento MPB64 o transformam em um bom parâmetro para o diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural e do líquido cerebroespinhal

Molecular epidemiology of a nosocomial outbreak due to Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter agglomerans in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

A total of 73 isolates (57 Enterobacter cloacae and 16 Enterobacter agglomerans), recovered during an outbreak of bacteremia in the Campinas area, São Paulo, Brazil, were studied. Of these isolates, 61 were from parenteral nutrition solutions, 9 from blood cultures, 2 from a sealed bottle of parenteral nutrition solution, and one was of unknown origin. Of the 57 E. cloacae isolates, 54 were biotype 26, two were biotype 66 and one was non-typable. Of 39 E. cloacae isolates submitted to ribotyping, 87.2 percent showed the same banding pattern after cleavage with EcoRI and BamHI. No important differences were observed in the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among E. cloacae isolates exhibiting the same biotype, serotype and ribotype. All E. agglomerans isolates, irrespective of their origin, showed same patterns when cleaved with EcoRI and BamHI. The results of this investigation suggest an intrinsic contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions and incriminate these products as a vehicle of infection in this outbreak

Relative frequency of nosocomial microorganisms at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994

Analisa-se a frequencia relativa dos microrganismos isolados das infeccoes hospitalares no Hospital das Clinicas da Unicamp no periodo de 1987 a 1994. O microrganismo mais frequente foi o S. aureus (20,9 por cento), presente nas infeccoes da ferida cirurgica, nas infeccoes da corrente sanguinea e nas arterio-venosas. Nas infeccoes do trato urinario predominaram os bacilos Gram negativos (56,5 por cento) e as leveduras (9 por cento). Foi observado aumento da frequencia de isolados de Acinetobacter baumannii nos ultimos tres anos. Dentre os microrganismos isolados das infeccoes da corrente sanguinea, houve aumento gradual na frequencia de Staphylococcus coagulase negativo e A. baumannii, mas nao houve alteracao na ocorrencia de Candida sp

Atividade in vitro da cefepima em comparação com outras cefalosporinas de amplo espectro contra amostras clínicas de 18 hospitais brasileiros / In vitro activity of cefepime in comparisiom with others cephalosporins of extended-spectrum agaisnt clinical amostra of 18 brazilians hospitals

INTRODUÇÄO: A cefepima é uma cefalosporina de quarta geraçäo lançada recentemente tanto no Brasil quanto nos Estados Unidos. Trabalhos internacionais têm mostrado que esse composto apresenta maior potência tanto contra bacilos gram-negativos quanto cocos gram-positivos aeróbios, quando comparada com as cefalosporinas de terceira geraçäo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana da cefepima em comparaçäo com ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, cefotaxima e imipenem em amostras clínicas isoladas em hospitais brasileiros. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 982 amostras clínicas coletadas durante o periódo de dezembro de 1995 a março de 1996. Foi incluída apenas 1 amostra por paciente. As amostras foram testadas através do método de E test seguindo as recomendaçöes do National Commitee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). RESULTADOS: O espectro de ação da cefepima foi superior àquele apresentado pelas outras cefalosporinas de amplo espectro tanto contra bacilos Gram-negativos quanto contra cocos Gram-positivos. A superioridade da cefepima foi mais evidente contra Enterobacter sp. (MIC90, 2µg/ml), Serratia sp. (MIC90, 2µg/ml) e S. aureus sensível à oxacilina (MIC90,3µg/ml). Contra P. aeruginosa, a cefepima (MIC90, 16µg/ml) foi somente um pouco mais ativa que a ceftazidima (MIC90, 32µg/ml) e 8 a 16 vezes mais ativa que a ceftriaxona ou a cefotaxima (MIC90, > 256 µg/ml). DISCUSSÄO: Nossos resultados mostram que bactérias hospitalares, especialmente bacilos Gram-negativos, apresentam altas taxas de resistência às cefalosporinas no Brasil. Porém, uma parte dessas amostras multirresistentes permanecem sensíveis à cefepima

Listeriosis and AIDS: case report and literature review

Listeriosis is a not uncommon infection in humans, usually associated with immunodeficient states and with newborns. However, relatively few cases have been reported in HIV-infected patients. This scarcity of reported cases has aroused interest in the association of listeriosis and AIDS. In this paper we present a case of meningitis and septicemia caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a female patient with AIDS. A review of recent medical literature indicates that association of listeriosis and AIDS may be more common than it seems. Recent research in host-parasite interaction in listerial infection suggests an important role for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and for integralin, a bacterial protein, in modulating listerial disease in AIDS patients. Inadequate diagnosis may be in part responsible for the scarcity of reports

Semiquantitative culture in diagnosing venous catheter-related sepsis

Since Aubaniac (1) described the puncture of the subclavian vein in 1952, and specially after the standardization of parenteral nutrition by Dudrick et al. (11) in 1968, much has been published about complications caused by percutaneous central venous catheterization. Among the various complications provoked by this procedure, a very important one is primary sepsis or catheter-related sepsis , both because of its frequency and because of the morbidity and mortality it causes (18,19). It is, however, difficult to diagnose this complication. The main difficulty lies in differentiating catheters that are really causing sepsis from those that, though showing positive culture do not cause bacteremia and are not responsible for the occasional signs of infection that a patient may show (6,7). This difficulty in diagnosing has led to the recommendation that all catheters suspected of causing sepsis be systematically removed. This procedure has the effect of exposing patients in serious condition and with limited venous access to the risks of new punctures. Usually these risks are unnecessary, since 75 to 90% of the catheters removed for this reason are not the real source of infection (3, 17, 19, 21, 22). In 1977, Maki et al. (18) proposed a semiquantitative catheter tip culture that showed considerable correlation with positive hemoculture for the same microorganisms; that is, capable of identifying which positive catheters were really causing sepsis. Subsequent research confirmed these results, showing that the semiquantitative catheter tip culture had specificity and sensibility over 80% (10, 15).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)